I i? ISHI^^^I 1 $!^ ^ ."J ' The New York Botanical Garden The LuEsther T. Mertz Library y Catalpa higiioiiioides Gift of Rupert C. Barneby "Cherished during his watch" Contr. Nat. Herb., Voi. XI. Plate I. Giant Cedars (Thuja PLiCATAi. In moist land near Elbe. Shield ferns ( polysticlium inunitum) in the foreground and hemlocks (Tsuga heterophylla) in the background. Keproduced by courtesy of the Forest Service. ^■^ FLORA OF WASHINGTON. ,^v ADVERTISEMENT. The United States National Ilerbariunu which was founded by the Smithsonian Institution, was transferred in the year 1868 to the Department of Agriculture, and continued to be maintained by that Department until July 1, ISDG, when it was returned to the official custody of the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agri- culttire, however, continued to publish the series of botanical reports entitled " Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium," begun in the year 1890, until, on July 1, 1002, the National Museum, in pur- suance of an act of Congress, asstnned responsibility for the publi- cation. The first seven volumes of the series were issued by the Department of Agriculture. Richard Rathbun, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 2 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ^ U N IT E 1) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE United States National Herbarium Volume XI FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON By CHARLES V. PIPER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 06 c./- BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Issued October 8, 1906. PREFACE. The followino; account of the flora of the State of Washing-ton, by Prof. C. V. Piper, is based on his study of the phmts of that State durino- a period of twenty years. This worlv was carried on in chance liours of leisure and in occasional summer vacations. During most of the college year 1890-11)00, however. Professor Piper was at the Gray Herbarium looking up critical material and examining the specimens of older collectors, especially those upon which publications had been based. Considerable time was devoted also to other large herbaria, particularly those of the United States National Museum, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the New York Botanical Garden. The private herl)aria of Prof. L. F. Henderson, of jSIr. Thomas Howell, and of Mv. W. N. Suksdorf were likewise freely consulted. ^Nlost of the types of the new species published by Professor Piper in the present work and in earlier papers are in the United States National Herbarium, and a large part of the whole material on which this flora is based is also represented there. In the course of his work Professor Piper examined specimens of nearly all the collections made within the confines of the State of Washington, so far as these are to be found in American herbaria. Thus it was possible to ascertain the identity of nearly all the species which had been accredited to the State through erroneous determi- nation. Unfortunately several of the specimens upon which the names in published lists were based are not now to be found in the herbaria in which they might be expected. This is true particu- larly of Cooper's plants and in less degree of those of the Wilkes Expedition, so that the identity of such plants can only be surmised. In publications on the collections of Menzies, Douglas, Scouler, and Tolmie there are many plant names that can be definiteh^ rectified only by examining the original specimens. It is quite certain also that the current interpretation of a number of species based on these (>arly collections is erroneous. Their correction will require an exam- ination of the types, which are in European herbaria. With few exceptions no species has been admitted into this flora unless its author has actually studied Washington specimens. In the course of the preparation of this work Professor Pijjer be- came indebted to many botanists for assistance. He states that he 5 6 PKEFACE. is under especial obligations to Prof. B. L, Robinson, of the Gray Herljariiim, for kindly counsel, as well as for much aid in the genus Lupinus; to Mr. Frederick V. Coville, of the National Herbarium, for his continuous helpful advice; to Dr. N. L. Britton, of the New York Botanical Garden, Mr. Stewardson Brown, of the Acad- emy of Sciences of Philadelphia, and Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Columbian Museum, for the privileges of consulting the her- baria of which they have charge; to Mr. M. L. Fernald, of the Gray Herbarium, for technical assistance in various genera; to Dr. J. M. Greenman, of the Field Columbian Museum, for aid in Senecio; to Mr. A. A. Faton, for a key to the species of Isoetes; to JMr. P. L. Ricker and Mr. W. F. Wight, of the Department of Agriculture, for assistance in bibliograpiiy ; to Dr. Theodor Holm and Prof. C. F. A\lieeler for aid in the genus Carex. Thanks are extended to the many persons who have favored Pro- fessor Piper with their collections of Washington plants, especially Mr. Kirk Whited, of Wenache, Washington ; Prof. R. M. Horner, of Waitsburg, Washington; Prof. J. B. Flett, of Tacoma, Washington, and Mr. M. W. Gorman, of Portland, Oregon. For the privilege of examining their private herbaria Professor Piper is indebted to Mr. Thomas Howell, of Milwaukee, Oregon ; to Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, of Bingen, Washington, and to Prof. L. F. Hen- derson, of Moscow, Idaho. Frederick V. Coville, Curator of the United States Nat tonal Ilertxtrhnn. C X T 1: X 1^ S . Page. Introduction 9 The b.itauical explore: s of Washington 10 Menzies 11 Lewis 11 Douglas ---- 13 Scouler 13 Tolniie 14 Gairdner -. 14 Wyeth .__ 14 Nuttall 14 Pickering and Brackenridge 15 Geyer 16 Spalding .. 16 Lyall 16 Jeffrey _. 17 Cooper ^ 17 Collectors since 1860 _ - IT Phys'ography and geology . . _ _ 20 The Pacific Coastal Plain 20 Th3 Olym- ic Mou tains 21 The Puget Sound Basin 21 The Cascad > Mountains 22 The Okanogan Hi-hlands _• 24 The Columbia Plains 24 The Blue Mount ains ~6 Climate 26 Precipitation 26 Sunshine and cloudi ; e;- s 29 T mperatiire -^0 Western Wf, shington 30 . Eastern Washington 31 Winds ,.. 32 The Zonal distribution of Washington plants 33 Upper Siinoran life a: ea 36 Origin of the Upptn- Sonoran flora 37 Humid Ti ansition area 40 Uplands 41 Bottom lands . 42 Gravelly prairie ; 42 Seashores ; - - 45 Sphaguura bogs . 46 The Coastal strip 40 Arid Transition area 47 The Bunchgrass prairies . . . 48 The Yellow Pine forests ^ 50 C CONTENTS. The Zonal distribution of Washington plants— Continued. Page. Origin of the Arid Transition flora . _ 51 The Californian element 51 The Rocky Mountain element ... . 53 The Columbia Basin element - . 52 Comparison of the Humid and Arid Transition floras. 53 The Canadian zone 58 The Hudsonian zone 60 The Arctic zone . . 62 Regions of peculiar botanical interest ... 65 The Olympic Mountains ... 65 The Columbia Gorge . 67 Klickitat County .... 68 Moiint Stuart and the Wenache Mountains 68 The Blue Mountains ... 71 Plants known to occur only in Washington 73 Plants which i)robably will be found to occur in Washington 75 Annotated catalogue of the species of vascular p'ants of Washington 76 Addenda 613 Bil)]iography 615 Geographic index 619 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Facing page. Plate I. Giant cedars ( Tli iija iiJicata ) Frontispiece II. Toi)ographic map of Washington 20 III. Characteristic vegetation of the bluffs along Piiget Sound 21 IV. Steamboat Rock, in the Grand oulee 25 V. Rainfall map of Washington 28 VI. Sagebrush plains in Yakima County . 36 VII. Forest of red fir ( Pscudotsuga miicronata ) in Washington 41 VIII. Characteristic view in a moist forest . 41 IX. Pasture-like gravelly prairies of Pierce County 42 X. Lnj^iniis rivularis on the gravelly prairies in Pierce County 43 XI. Prairie of bunchgrass {Agv >pyron spicatnin) on the Horse Heaven Hills. Klickitat Coiinty 48 XII. Range lands near Whita Stone Lake, Okanogan County 48 XIII. View in a coulee near Lyons Ferry 49 XIV. Forest of yellow pine {Pin us xtonderosa) 50 XV. Forest of yellow pine {Finns p)onderosa) 50 XVI. Forest of hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla) ... . . 58 XVII. Subalpine firs [Ahics lafiiocarpa) in Paradise Valley, Mount Rainier 60 XVIII. Vegetation of the Gorge of the Columbia ! iver 67 XIX. Bunchgrass {Agropyron spicatnin) growing on basalt outcrop- pings 146 XX. White hellebore ( Veratrum calif ornicum) 196 XXI. Iris missouriensis . . 202 XXII. Lupinus ornatus in low meadows near Wenas 355 MAP. Map showing the floral areas of the State of Washington In pocket FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. INTKODUCTION. The principal aim of the author in this work is to present a sum- mary of-our present kno^Yledg■e of tlie vascuhir phmts of Washington and to call attention to the more important problems, both taxonomic and ecological, which have become disclosed. Simple keys to the genera and species are inserted so as to give the work a wider usefulness. The nomenclature aims to follow the recently proposed Philadel- phia Code. In accordance with the rules of this code in the matter of generic names, it is not improbable that several of those here used will have to be changed when the necessary bibliographical researches have been made. As the important synonomy is here given with each species, there will be little difficulty in coordinating the name adopted with any other connnonly used heretofore, or which may be proposed hereafter. As regards the limitation of species the author has in the main adopted i: rather conservative attitude. Some of the recently i)ro- posed species seem well founded even if the differences are slight. In other cases the species or subspecies seem to be based on too slight characters and are therefore unworthy of nomenclatorial recogni- tion. As one's acceptance or rejection of a proposed species depends in i^art on personal judgment, and in i)art on the evidence available, attention is, in nearly all cases, called to those which the author rejects. In all such cases additional material, as well as careful field notes, is desirable for the better understanding of the forms in question. In the matter of the tendency common at present to raise to generic rank what have heretofore been considered subgenera, the writer likewise takes a conservative attitude. It is at least doubtful if the very large number of new names thus occasioned does not more than counterbalance any advantage argued in favor of the practice. Certainly the carrying of the practice to such an extreme that genin-a are considered to be made up of species of similar habit, rather than to be based on structural characters, seems inadvisable. Xeither does it impress one as a valid argument that, because in some extremely natural families the genera must perforce be based on very slig:ht 9 10 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. differences, similar characters must be given equal consideration in all families. The Pacific northwest is a region with great physiographic and correspondingly great climatic dilt'erences. In consonance with the physical factors there are many and striking peculiarities in the dis- tribution of the plant species occupying this area, and the attempt is here made on the basis of the Avriter's familiarity with the region, and the recorded data of others, to determine some of the complex causes which have brought about the present plant distribution. It is more than possible that some of the conclusions here reached or suggested may be based quite as much on our lack of knowledge as on definite information. A^^iile this may eventually prove to be the case, the suggestions here advanced may nevertheless serve as working hypotheses wdien a more complete botanical survey shall be undertaken. Many of the data upon which the origin of the present flora of Washington depends must be sought to the southward, a region here considered only incidentally, but which must needs be more fully explored before certain conclusions here suggested can be either veri- fied or overthrown. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF WASHINGTON. The following brief account of the botanical explorers of Wash- ington refers to their labors mainly in so far as they concern the region covered by tliis work. Inasmuch as both Washington and Idaho were included in Oregon until 18.53, many of the earlier col- lecti(ms in these States are ascribed simply to " Oregon," though AVashington and north Idaho are sometimes referred to as " Upper Oregon," notably in Geyer's explorations. Before the name Oregon !>ecame attached to the northwest Pacific region the interior portions, especially south Idaho and eastern Oregon, were more or less vaguely included in '' ITpper California," a phrase not unusual on Douglas's plant labels, and quite frequently used in the Botany of Boechev's Voyage. Still earlier than this the name "" Xew Georgia " wa.-. em- ployed, mainly for the region l)()rdering Puget Sound and the (lulf of Georgia. The most vague term of all, " Northwest Coast," has been made by different writers to include everything from the northern l)oundarv of California to Prince William Sound, Alaska, and the approximate meaning of this phrase can be gleaned in each case where used only by indirect means. The botanical explorations of Washington are conveniently grouped into two periods. The first of these includes all the explorers previous to 1800, namely, Menzies, Lewis, Douglas, Scouler, Tolmie, Gairdner, ^Vyeth, Nuttall, Pickering and Brackenridge, Geyer, Spalding, Jef- PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 11 frey, Cooper, and Lyall. Besides these may be mentioned Mo(^'ino, who botanized at Nootka Sound, Vancouver Ishind, in 1T*.)2, and Thaddens Haenke, who was at the same phice in ITOI. Nootka Sound, an important harbor in early times, was also visited by Menzies and by Scouler, and (•()nse(iuently is the type locality of many northwestern s}K'cies. MENZIES. Archibald Menzies (1754-1842) was the surgeon and naturalist with Vancouver during his explorations from 171)0 to 171)5, during which time a thorough exploration was made of Puget Sound and adjacent waters, and of the Columbia River as far up as the site of Fort Vancouver. Previous to this time Menzies had alieady visited the " North-west Coast" in a trading vessel and had made some col- lections. Sets of his plants are at Kew and in the British Museum. A very few are in the Gray Herbarium. In descriptions, Menzies's plants are connnonly ascribed to the '' Northwest Coast," or to " New Georgia." A considerable number are definitely known to have been collected at Nootka Sound, and it would ])erhaps be possible to ascer- tain the exact source of most of them. I.EWIS. In conjunction with William Chirk, Meriwether Lewis (1774- ISOD) made the famous transcontinental exjdoration in 1804-1800. All of his botanical collections that concern AVashington plants were )uade on the return trip in 1800, and it has been possible from the labels on the specimens and the detailed journals of the expedition to determine accurately where each specimen was gathered. Most of these which concern Washington plants were collected, or described, from Fort Clatsop, near Astoria, Oreg. ; at the Cascades, or " Grand Pvapids " of the Columbia; at '^ Fort Rock Camp," or The Dalles of the Columbia ; at Camp Chopunnish, on the Clearwater, opposite the ])resent town of Kamiah, Idaho, and at " Quamash Flats," now Weippe Prairie, Idaho. Lewis's plants Avere described by Pursh in 1814 in Flora Americae Septentrionalis. A nearly complete set of Ills specimens is in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. A few of these are Pursh's actual types, but most of them are duplicates. A curious fact pointed out by Coues is that whenever Lewis described a plant in detail in his journal he rarely collected a specimen. This is notably true of the trees in the vicinity of Fort Clatsop, which Lewis descrilied wnth considerable care. Rafinesque afterwards gave botan- ical names to these trees, based wholly on Lewis's desciiptions. 12 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TtlE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. DOUGLAS. David Douglas (17!)0-1834), a Scotch botanist sent out )jy the London Horticultural Society, made extensive collections in two journeys, the first from 1824 to 1827. In this journey Douglas explored the larger portion of what is now Washington and much of Oregon and Idaho. He returned to England in 1827, traveling over- land from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay, where he fortunately found a whaling vessel. The second journey occupied the years 1830 to 1833. The summer of 1830 was spent in Washington and Oregon. From Deceml)er, 1830, to October, 1832, he was in California and the Hawaiian Islands, whence he again reached the Columbia Kiver October 23, 1832. The ensuing twelve months were spent in Wash- ington and Oregon. October 18, 1833, Douglas sailed from the mouth of the Columbia to the Hawaiian Islands, where he met his death July 12, 1831. During all of his trips Douglas kej^t a journal, and this is now in the possession of the London Horticultural Society. The principal parts of this journal were published after Douglas's death in the " Companion to the Botanical Magazine," by Sir W. J. Hooker, in 1830. This paper has recently l)een reprinted by the Oregon Histor- ical Society. From it the following ej)itome of Douglas's northwest- ern explorations are drawn : Eeaching Fort Vancouver April 19, 1825, Douglas spent the first two months collecting in the immediate vicinity. From June 20 to August 5 he 1)otanized along the Columbia between Vancouver and The Dalles. On August 19 he started up the Willamette, reaching a point 38 kilometers (24 miles) above the falls. The second week in September he ascended the high mountains on each side of the Columbia, a very arduous task. On the mountain on the south side, he discovered Ahies amahilis and A. nohilis. The time from Octo- ber 22 until November 15 was spent in a trip to the mouth of the Columbia, thence up the coast to Willapa and Gray harbors. From the latter place he ascended the Chehalis River and returned to X-aw- couver down the Cowlitz. Owing to extremely bad weather, all the collections of this trip were lost. The Avinter was spent at Fort Vancouver. March 20, 1820. Douglas started for Fort Walla Walla, now the site of Wallula, which he reached on the 28th. April 1 he was at Priest Eapids, April at the mouth of the Okanogan, and April 11 at the mouth of the Spokane, where he remained eight days. Aj^ril 19 he started for Kettle Falls, where much of the time until June 4 was spent. Proceeding overland to Walla Walla, he remained there until June 19. During the three weeks succeeding he made two trips into the Blue Mountains. On July 17 he started up the Snake Iliver, PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 13 reaching the mouth of the Clearwater July 24. Douglas collected about the present site of Lewiston and in the adjacent Craig Moun- tains until the 30th. Jul}^ 31 he started overland for Kettle Falls, which he reached August 4, going by way of Old Fort 'Spokane. Here he remained until the 18th, when he proceeded to Fort Okano- gan on horseback, thence doAvn the Columbia, reaching Vancouver August 31. The remainder of this season was spent in a trip to the head of the Umpqua River, where he discovered the sugar pine, near the present site of Roseburg. On March 20, 1827, he started for England, going up the Columbia to Kettle Falls on foot. From here lie made his way across the continent to Hudson Bay, whence he sailed in a whaling ship. On Douglas's second journey he reached the Columl)ia June 3, 1831. ]\Iost of this season was spent in the Blue ]Mountains region, where he collected " one hundred new species '' of plants. From October 10 until December 23 he was at the mouth of the Columbia. From then until October 23, 1832, he was in California and the Sandwich Islands. Reaching the Columbia again October 23, 1832, he si:)ent tlie fall collecting mosses and seaweeds along the coast. In the spring of 1833 he again ascended the Cohnnbia, reaching Fort Oka- nogan April 0. The early part of the summer was spent on Fraser River, but all his collections were lost by the upsetting of his canoe, and Douglas barely escaped with his life. July 15, 1833, he was again at Walla Walla, whence he made excursions for the third time into the Blue Mountains. October 18, 1833, he sailed from the mouth of the Columbia. The extent and amount of this man's collections during the three seasons he spent in the Xorthwest almost suipass belief. His collections are described in Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana. A few of his duplicates are in the Gray Herbarium, but the most complete set is at Kew. SCOULER. Dr. John Scouler (1804-1871) was the companion of Douglas on Ids first journey. His collections were conhned to the single season of 1825. During April and May he collected with Douglas mainly at the mouth of the Columbia and at Fort Vancouver. From June until September Scouler spent on a trip to Xootka Sound and return, during which he is said to have visited nearly every harbor along that stretch of coast. Some of his specimens are labeled " Straits of de Fuca ; " others " Xootka Sound." Tlie best set is in the Brit- ish Museum. Scouler's manuscript journal is in the possession of the Oregon Historical Society and, it is stated, will soon be published. 14 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. TOLMIE. Dr. AV. F. Tolmie (died in ISSO) went to Fort Vancouver in 1832 as a medical officer to the Hudson Bay Company. He had been a pupil of Sir W. J. Hooker, to Avhom he sent many botanical speci- mens. Tohnie's duties caused him to travel quite widely in the Northwest, but little is known of the details of his journeys. He was the first botanist to visit Mount Rainier, on the slopes of which he collected in 1837. Tolmie's specimens are mostly labeled " Fort Vancouver,'' '' Multnomah River,"' and " N. W, Coast." Many speci- mens collected in the " Snake country " of south Idaho and described in the Botany of Beechey^s Voyage, are usually accredited to Tolmie, though he ex^jressly states that they were gathered for him by a friend. GAIRDNER. Dr. Meredith Gairdner, a surgeon of the Hudson Bay Company, collected a few plants about Fort Vancouver, where he died prior to 1840. His sj^ecimens are at Kew. Garum (jairdncru the finest food plant of the northwestern Indians, commemorates his name. WYETH. Nathaniel Wyeth, the adventurous and enterprising American trav- eler and trader, crossed the continent on his first journey in 1832. On his return trip in 1833 he crossed the mountains in north Idaho, and nuide a small collection of plants on the Flathead River. These Avere described by his friend, Nuttall, in the Journal of the Phila- delphia Academy of Sciences, new series, volume 7. Wyeth's jour- nals were published in 1880 by the Oregon Historical Society. NUTTALL. Thomas Nuttall (178G-1859), an Englishman by birth, one of the most acute and able of American botanists, spent the years 1834 to 1836 botanizing in the West. He was a member of Wyeth's second expedition, crossing the continent by the " Oregon Trail." He reached Fort Walla Walla about September 3, 1834, and Fort Van- couver September l(x On the overland trip Nuttall collected a very large number of species, considering the circumstances. December 11 he sailed for the Sandwich Islands, returning to the Columbia the following spring. His headquarters during 1835 were on Sauvie Island, at the mouth of the Willamette River, then called Wappatoo Island. Nuttall made but fcAv and short excursions from his base, apparently finding enough to occupy his energies there. He did, however, collect about the Willamette Falls, Fort Vancouver, and the mouth of the Columbia. His original collection is in the British PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 15 Museum, but good sets of his specimens are in the Gray and Torrey herbaria, and many others are in the Phihidel2)hia Academy of Sciences. PICKERING AND BRACKENRIDGE. Dr. Charles Pickering and ]\Ir. W. I). P)rackenrido-e were the botanists of the exploring expedition under Connnodore Wilkes. Their botanical explorations so far as Washington is concerned were "briefly as follows: IMay 2, 1841, the expedition was at Port Discovery, remaining there until the 6th instant. On the trip up Puget Sound stops were made at Appletree Cove and Port Madison. The expedi- tion reached Fort Nisqually May 11, which place became the headquarters for the ex^^lorations in the interior. Pickering and Brackenridge were attached to Lieutenant Johnson's party, which left Nisqually May 20 and crossed the Cascade Mountains by way of the Indian trail up White River. They reached the summit on the 2Gth instant, remaining there two days, descending on the east side down the Spipen or Naches River. Leaving this river near its mouth the party traveled northward to the Yakima and thence over the Wenache Mountains to the Wenache River. From here the route was up the Columbia to F'ort Okanogan, which was reached June 8. June 10 the journey was resumed eastward uj) the Columbia, and Fort Colville was reached June 15. From Fort Colv-ille the party traveled southward, reaching Lapwai, Idaho, on June 25. A two days' trip from here brought the party to Fort Walla Walla, where they remained until July 1. From here their route led up the Yakima and Naches rivers and thence over the mountains by the outgoing route. Several other exploring parties were also sent out from Nisqually, but the onh^ botanical specimens collected by the expedition seem to have been gathered by Pickering and Brackenridge. The results are included in two of the large volumes devoted to the scientific results of the expedition. LTnfortunately the original labels of the specimens seem in some way to have become intermixed, with the result that a good many plants confined to eastern Wash- ington bear such labels as " Port Discovery " and " Nisqually," while other species confined to western Washington are labeled '' Walla Walla," or " North Fork of the Columbia." On some sheets eastern and western Washington species are mixed, and mounted over a single label. With the details of the party's itinerary known, it is l^ossible, however, to tell with some accuracy Avhere the specimens must have been gathered. 16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. GEYER. Charles A. Geyer, a German botanist who had previously botan- ized extensively in Illinois, and who later was attached to Nicollet's expedition, traversed the continent with a party of missionaries, and in November, 1S43, crossed a high spnr of the " Green " (Bitterroot) Mountains from the Flathead to the Spokane or Coeur d'Alene River, and passed the winter at Chamokane Mission, situated on Chamo- kane Creek, about 10 miles from its jiniction with the Spokane.- During- the season of 1844 Geyer made excursions northward to Old Fort Colville on the Columbia, southeastward up the Spokane IJiver and into the mountains about Lake Canir d'Alene, and southward to the Palouse River and to Lapwai Mission, near the mouth of the Clearwater. From here he explored the Craig Mountains of Idaho. Journeying overland to Fort AValla AValla he descended the Colum- bia, and reached Fort Vancouver November 13, 1844, whence he sailed to England. Geyer's account of the flora of the regions explored by him is re- ma rkal)ly good. A nearly complete set of his plants is in the (jrray Herbarium. SPALDING. Rev. Henry Spalding was a missionary to the Nez Perce Indians and founder of Lapwai Mission near the mouth of the Clearwater River, Idaho. In this vicinity Spalding collected a good many plants which are in the Gray Ilerbarium. Most of them are labeled " Clearwater, Oregon," but inasmuch as a number of them have not since been found near Lai)wai it is not improbable that they were col- lected elscAvhere. Spalding traveled quite extensively in the course of his labors, and doubtless gathered some of his specimens at other places than Clearwater, as, indeed, some few of the labels indicate. His notes on the Indian food plants are most interesting and often quite detailed. According to the testimony of his son, the late H. H. Spalding, the specimens were largely gathered by his mother. LYALL. Dr. David Lyall was the surgeon and botanist attached to the In- ternational Boundary Survey. His work, so far as it relates to Washington, was during the years 1858 to 1860, inclusive. During 1858 lie made collections on Vancouver Island and on the smaller islands and the mainland near the forty-ninth parallel. In 1851) the western slopes of the Cascades near the boundary were exi)loi-ed. In 18()0 the surveyors went up the Columbia, di\'iding at The Dalles into two parties. One party, which Lyall acconq^anied, traveled in a northerly direction, past Fort Simcoe, across the Naches and other PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASlIINtiTON. 17 tributaries of the Yakima, thence over the A\\'iiaehe Mountains to the Cohimbia, which was reached just below the mouth of the Wena- che. From here the party followed the Columbia and Okanogan to Lake Osoyoos. Following up the Similkameen and Ashnola the party formed a camp at 1,()T0 meters (5,480 feet) elevation on the boundary, where they remained some time. The other party proceeded to Fort Walla AValla and thence north- ward, crossing the Snake at the mouth of the Palouse and })assing Kock Lake on the route to Fort Colville. The collections of this party were made by John Buttle, but the specimens seem all to be credited to Lyall. During the year ISOO the survey was completed nearly to the Idaho line. LyalPs account of his botanical observations is brief, but very inter- esting. A nearly comj^lete set of his plants is in the Gray Herbarium. JEFFBEY. John Jeffrey, a Scotch botanist, was sent out by some patrons to collect the seeds of plants of horticultural interest in the region traversed by Douglas, " to complete his researches, and to extend them into those parts of the country not fully explored by him." Jelfrey was at Fort Colville May 13, 1851, reaching that point from the northward. During this season he spent much of the time in north- ern Washington and adjacent British Cohimbia. Late in the season he was on JNIount Baker. In May of the following year Jefi'rey was at Fort Nisqually, and during June and July at Fort Vancouver. His remaining explorations were all southw^ard. Very little is known of Jeffrey's specimens, as none exist in Ameri- can herbaria, and but little has been published concerning them. COOPER. Dr. J. G. Cooper collected in various jDortions of Washington from 1853 till 1855, in connection with the Stevens Survey of the forty-eighth parallel. An annotated list of his plants, including also some collected by Dr. George Gibbs and Dr. G. Suckley, is pub- lished in the Pacific liailroad Reports, volume 12, part 2. COLLECTORS SINCE 1860. Among botanical collectors since 18G0 none has done more to explore the flora of the State than Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, of Bingen, who for twenty-five years past has been an assiduous student of plants. His most important collections -have been made in Klickitat County, but he has gathered much material also in Spokane and Whatcom counties, and elsewhere. Sets of his plants are in all the principal 294-18—06 M 2 18 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. herbaria, while his priAate collection is among the best in the North- west. Mr. Thomas Howell, whose long and extensive labors have mainl}' been limited to Oregon, has nevertheless collected nmch in Washing- ton, esjDecially in the connties bordering on the Columbia. Mr. Howell's herbarium is now in the possession of the Oregon State University, but sets of his plants are Avidely distributed. A con- siderable collection of Klickitat County plants was also made by Mr. Josejjh Howell. Professor L. F. Henderson, wdio has also collected much in Oregon, gathered rich material in the Olympic Mountains in 1800, and in 1892 traveled over much of the State to make a collection for the Columbian World's Fair. This is now^ in the State University at Seattle. Professor Henderson's i:)rivate herbarium, one of the most comjjlete in its representation of North Pacific plants, was luifor- nately burned in the recent fire that destroyed the main building of the University of Idaho. Mr, T. S. Brandegee, Mr. Frank Tweedy, and Prof. E. W. Hilgard w^ere associated with the North Transcontinental Survey organized in connection with the Northern Pacific Railway under Villard's presidency. In connection with this work extensive collections were made, especially by Brandegee, in Walla Walla, Yakima, and Kitti- tas counties. The best set of these plants is in the Canby Herbarium, now- in the Ncav York College of Pharmacy. Dr. Sereno Watson visited Washington in 1880 in connection with the Tenth Census Survey of the forests. He made small collections at Yakima Pass, Lake Chelan, Fort Colville, and Spokane. The specimens are in the CJray Herbarium. Charles A. Rannn collected a small set of plants in 1883 in Spokane County, which were sent to Doctor Gray. Mr. George R. Vasey made extensive collections for the Department of Agriculture in 1889, principally in Yakima, Kittitas, and King counties. Sets of his plants are in the principal herbaria. His specimens, unfortunately, lack data regarding their exact place of collection. Mr. F. Binns collected plants from 1888 to 1890 about Port Ludlow, and sent them to the Gray Herbarium. Rev. Ernest C. Smith botanized in the vicinity of Seattle in 1889 and 1890, in the latter j^ear making collections on Mount Rainier. Dr. E. L. Greene collected in 1889 about Clealum, Yakima, and on Mount Rainier. Mr. J. M. Grant sent a few plants to the Gray Herbarium, col- lected in the Olympic Mountains in 1889. INIrs. Susan Tucker made collections near Cheney in 1889, and again in 1903. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 19 Prof. E. II. Lake and INIr. W. K. Hull collcctcMl in 181)2 in the Blue Mountains, and later in Douii'las and Chelan counties. Messrs. Sandherg and Leiherg, collecting- for the Department of Agriculture, botanized along the Great Northern Railway from Spokane to the summit of the Cascade Mountains in 1S93. Their collections are very large and valuable. During the preceding year these same botanists, together with Dr. D. T. MacDougal and Mr. A. A. Heller, collected in Latah and Nez Perce counties, Idaho, inci- dentally gathering plants at a few adjacent points in Washington. Prof. J. B. Flett has been active in studying the flora of the State since 181)5. He has made extensive collections in the ()lyni])ic Moun- tains, on Mount Kainier, about Taconui, in Island County, and in the Mount Adams region. Mr. O. D. Allen during the year 1805, and subsequently, has pre- ])ared exquisite sets of specimens from the region about Mount Eainier. His plants are in all the leading herbaria. Mr. A. D. E. Elmer botanized in 180C) in Whitman County; in 1897 in Okanogan and Kittitas counties; in 1808 about Mount Stuart, and in 1000 in Clallam County. His specimens are in many herl)aria. Prof. E. M. Horner made fine sets of the plants of the Blue Moun- tains in 1800 aiul 1807. A complete set of his plants is in the National Herbarium. Mr. N. L. Gardner collected in 1807 and 1808, mainly about Coupe ville. INIr. M. W. Gorman secured a fine set of ])lants in the Washington Forest Eeserve in 1807 for the National Herbarium. He has also collected in Klickitat County and elsewhere. Mr. F. H. Lamb collected in 1807 in the little known region north- ward from Grays Harbor. Several herbaria have sets of his plants. - Mr. A. A. Heller made sets of si:)ecimens in 1808 from the vicinity of INIontesano. They have been distributed to the leading herbaria. Mr. Kirk Whited has for several years past made large collections in Kittitas and Chelan counties, adding much to the knowledge of that interesting region. Mr. John S. Cotton has made very extensive collections in central Washington since 1000, mostly in Yakima County. In 1002 he col- lected in comjjany with Dr. David Griffiths. Mr. Frank O. Kreager collected sets of plants in Stevens and Spo- kane counties in 1003, and the flora of the same region has been further explored by Prof. E. K. Beattie and Eonald Chapman in 1001. Mr. H. C. Conrad made valuable collections in 1003 on the Quin- ault Indian Eeservation of Chehalis County. Dr. Euhn, LT. S. Army, gathered specimens about Mnckleshoot Prairie, King County, and sent them to Doctor Gray. The labels l)ear no dates. 20 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Others have iiuide smaller collections of plants in the State. Their names appear in association with the specimens they gathered. The writer's j^ersonal observations and collections have been made in many parts of the State. EsjDecially extensive collections were made about Seattle, 1885-1892; Mount Rainer, 1888 and 1895; Olympic Mountains, 1890 and 1895; Union City, 1890; Pullman and vicinity, 1893-1903; I51ue Mountains, 189G. The earliest of these collections are in the herbarium of the State University at Seattle; the remainder are at Pullman, in the State College of "Washington, The herbarium of the State College, wdiich more than any other is the basis of this work, contains about 40,000 sheets of Washington plants, including very full sets of the AVashington collections of Howell, Henderson, Suksdorf, Vasey, Sandberg and Leiberg, Gorman, Flett, AMiited, Horner, Lake and Hull, Allen, Elmer, Gardner, Lamb, Heller, Cotton, Cotton and Griffiths, Kreager, Mrs. L. A. Bouck, Beattie and Chapman, and Conard. A nearly complete set of the writer's own collections, including the types of his new species, is deposited in the National Herbarium. ^ PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. The accompanying relief map (PI. II) will render clear the prin- cipal physiographic features of the State of Washington. It may conveniently be considered to be made up of seven regions, namely, the Pacific Coastal Plain, the Olympic Mountains, the Puget Sound Basin, the Cascade Mountains, the Columbia Basin, the Okanogan Highlands, and the Blue Mountains. THE PACIFIC COASTAL PLAIN. This is a narrow strip of land in immediate proximity to the Pa- cific Ocean and the Straits of Juan de Fuca. It is watered by numerous short streams from the Olympic Mountains and from the low Coast Mountains in Chehalis and Pacific counties. The largest stream, the Chehalis River, rises in the Cascade Mountains, and its valley connects the coastal plain with the Puget Sound Basin. The formation of most of the land is quite similar to that of the Puget Sound Basin, described below. The distinctive features are, first, the low strip of sandy land, seldom over a mile wide, formed by the inland drifting of the ocean sand ; second, the steep rocky bluffs which face the ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River and in a few places near Cape Flattery, and third, the coastal plain proper. This region is characterized by having a very great rainfall, ranging from 200 to 300 centimeters (80 to 120 inches) annually. Contr. Nat. Hoib., Vol. XI. Plate II. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI. Plate 111. Characteristic Vegetation of the Bluffs along Puget Sound. The (■(iiivpicuoiis ]>l!iiits are goal.'ibfiiril i .\r\niciis anincus) in tlie centt-r, with thimbleberry (Rubus ])arvilipnis) on tlie riKht. wiinnwcioii I Artemisia suk.sdortii ) beneath, and Peta- sites .sjiecidsa in tlie lnwer eorner ui the left. PIPER— FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 21 THE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS. This is an almost circular group of mountains, Avhich occupies much of Clallam, JeH'erson, INIason, and Chehalis counties. The mountains are quite isolated. The_y consist of numerous peaks, vary- ing in height from 1,800 to over 2,300 meters ((;,000 to 7,500 feet), the highest being Mount Olympus, altitude '2S)'?,H uieters (8,131 feet). Owing to their isolated position the drainage froui these mountains is in all directions, but the largest streams flow into the Pacific Ocean. Nearly all the streams head in small glaciers. These mountains are very difficult of exploration, and their geol- ogy is l)ut little'known. The peaks consist, for the most part, at least, of a laminated igneous rock which dips at a very steep angle, so that the sunnnits of the ridges and peaks are often exceedingly narrow, not rarely indeed being hollowed out beneath by the falling rock. The age of these rocks is unknown. The streams have all worn very deep gorges along their courses almost to the center of the mountains. This is due, perhaps, more to the soft character of the rock than to the lapse of a great period of time. This fact, however, renders it exceedingly difficult, and often impossible, to pass from one dividing ridge to another. Owing to the circumstance of these mountains standing first in the path of the moist Pacific Avinds the precipitation of rain and snow is very great. In exceptional seasons some of the glaciers may ])e of annual duration only. Such a glacier may disappear entirely by the end of the summer, the snowfall of the succeeding Avinter being sufficient to form it again. The (^lymi)ics are really a portion of the coast system of mountains, isolated, owing to the fact that the portion of the system in south- west Washington consists only of hills Avhich rise to little over 300 meters in height, through which the Chehalis Itiver forms a l)road gap. The portion of the system to the northward is widely severed by the Straits of Juan de Fuca. THE PUGET SOUND BASIN. This term is applied to the broad valley lying l)etween the coast system of mountains and the Cascades. It has an average breadth of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Much of the central portion of the basin near the head of Puget Sound is comparatively flat, and less than 30 meters above sea level. Along the greater portion of the Sound the shores rise abruptly, often in bluffs 30 meters high (PI. Ill), thence sloping more or less gently into hills 90 to 200 meters high or more. The basin proper may conveniently be limited for our purpose by the 700-meter (2,300-foot) contour line. 22 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. In its late geological history the region was covered by great glacial deposits derived mainly from the adjacent mountains. These de- posits consist of clay, gravel, or sand, often somewhat stratified. Pure deposits of each 30 meters thick or more are common. The total thickness of the glacial deposit has been estimated at from 150 to 300 meters. The whole region is densely timbered with the exception of a series of small gravelly plains. These are largest and most abundant in the central part of the basin, but similar ones occur near Van- couver, and on Whidby and other islands. Likewise the tips of many of the points projecting into Puget Sound have the same gravelly soil, accompanied by a characteristic flora and fauna. These gravelly prairies are plainly formed by flowing water, and are gen- erally considered to be deposited l)y post-glacial streams. Very similar prairies occur along the Willamette Valley. They form, in- deed, an interrupted series from the middle part of that valley north- ward to Vancouver Island. Owing to the very gravelly soil of these prairies, they partake of a semiarid condition. Indeed, the flora contains many species identical with those of eastern Washington. The drainage of the basin is mainly into Puget Sound, the princi- pal rivers coming from the Cascades, but the Cowlitz River and various smaller streams in the extreme southern part of the l)asin, flow into the Columbia. These streams for the main part originate in glaciers, and all of them have formed rather narrow valleys largely of glacial detritus. THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS. These mountains vary in breadth from 100 to 125 kilometers (80 to 100 miles) , traversing the State in a course a little easterly of a true north direction. The altitude of the main uplift varies from 1,800 to 2,100 meters (6,000 to 7,000 feet). The important peaks which conspicuously exceed this altitude are Mount Baker, in Whatcom County, altitude 3,335 meters (10,825 feet); Glacier Peak, Snoho- mish County, said to be 3,214 meters (10,430 feet) high; Mount Stuart, Kittitas County, 2,903 meters high (9,479 feet) ; Mount Tiainier, on the dividing line of Pierce and Thurston counties, the highest peak of the Cascade system, 4,475 meters high (14,530 feet) ; INIount Adams, Klickitat County, altitude 3,819 meters (12,401 feet), and Mount St. Helens, Skamania County, 2,947 meters high (9,570 feet). These tall peaks are all capped with perpetual snow, and rise far above the limits of ordinary plant life. With the exception of Glacier Peak and INIount Stuart they are all volcanic cones. The Cascade Mountains form the most important topographical feature of the State as affecting the distribution of plant life. The prevailing southwest winds from the Pacific are by them deprived PIPER FLORA OF TPIE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 23 of most of their moisture, the result being that the region to the east- ward is not only nuich drier, even to semidesert conditions in limited areas, but also much warmer in summer. The plants and animals adapted to such conditions are necessarily very different, as a rule, from those that thrive in the moist region to the westward. It is very clear that the Cascades serve as a barrier, primarily because of the difference in humidity eastward and westward which they occasion, and not because of their altitude. Many of the passes over these mountains are but a little over 1,000 meters in altitude, not FufRciently high even in this period to prevent many plants from migrating through, especially in the wake of forest fires. As a matter of fact the rainfall influences the vegetation for a considerable dis- tance cloAvn the eastern sloj^es of the mountains, the flora of the main range down to about 1,000 meters altitude being largely composed of species of the coast region. In Washington proper no stream traverses the Cascade Mountains, but on the southern border is the great gap through which the Columbia Kiver flows. This enormous gorge gives rise to peculiar local conditions, which find marked expression in the flora. Through this gap, too, the coastal flora, aided by the prevailing upstream humid winds, penetrates farther eastward than usual. Still, at the village of 'Wliite Salmon there is an unmistakable dividing line between the humid and the semiarid floras. Nearly all of the many streams that arise in the Cascades flow through deep gorges, once occupied by glaciers. Indeed, many of the streams, especially those heading about the higher peaks, still find their birth in glaciers. The Cascade range north of the forty-seventh parallel is composed largely of granite and other metamorphic rocks. Mount Rainier and the entire range southward to its extremity in northern California is on the contrary almost entirely made up of volcanic rocks. Recent investigations in the geology of these mountains disclose in part a very complex history, but indicate that the principal uplift took place either in late Pliocene or early Pleistocene time, and subsequent to the great outpourings of lava that make up most of the region between the Cascades and the Rockies. From a liiological point of view the changes brought about by the Cascade uplift were profound. Undoubtedly it transformed the climate of the region to the eastward from one relatively moist to one distinctly arid, and at the same time increased greatly the humidity of the region to the westward. This climatic change, particularly in the interior, must have been accompanied by a correspondingly great change in the, flora. The peculiar make-up of the Columbia Basin flora of the present time indicates with more or less clearness some of the resultant effects of the Cascade uplift. 24 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. THE OKANOGAN HIGHLANDS. These mountains occiijiy the northeast portion of the State, inchid- ing most of Stevens and Ferry counties. To the southward they pass gradually into the Columbia Plains. To the westward they are naturally limited by the Okanogan River. The Okanogan Highlands consist mainly of gently rounded hills, rising into peaks l,r)00 to 2,000 meters high, (jeologically they are similar to the northern part of the Cascades, and are composed largely of granite. The vegetation is nearly identical with that of the eastern slope of the Cascades. These mountains and those of British Columbia connect the Cascade system with the Rocky Mountain system in Idaho. In consonance with the markedly similar conditions of soil and climate it is not surprising that a iuunV)er of species of the coast region occur through these mountains and in north Idaho. THE COLUMBIA PLAINS. The greater portion of eastern Washington is covered by an im- mense mass of l)asalt, of an average thickness of at least 1,300 meters. This mass is the result of a series of lava overflows which involved not only eastern Washington but also great portions of eastern Oi'egon ii.nd Idaho, covering in all an area of over 500,000 square kilometers (200,000 square miles), (leologically this is known as the Columbia River basalt. It covered in Washington all of the region south of the Okanogan Plighlands and extended westward from the Bitter- roots nearly to the present crest of the Cascade Mountains and beyond this at least in Clarke and Cowlitz counties. The canyon walls of Snake River and other streams indicate a number of succes- sive overflows, at least ten, between some of which sufficient time elapsed for soil to form and forests to grow. The remains of the latter appear either as charcoal embedded in the soil of old lake bot- toms, or else as silicified trunks, these often remaining in their origi- nal vertical positions. Originally the surface of the lava appears to have been ap]:)roxi- mately level, but subsequent to the last great overflow a large lake or else a series of lakes existed in Yakima, Douglas, Klickitat, and Franklin counties as well as in adjacent Oregon. This was Lake John Day. Whether this lake merely filled a basin formed beyond the heads of the last lava flows, or whether it was formed through the sinking of the surface concomitantly with the commencement of the uplifting of the Cascade and Blue mountains is not clear. The deposits formed in the bottoms of Lake John Day consist of soft sandstone and conglomerates which have largely been removed by subsequent erosion. The light, ashy soils formed from these de- posits are very different from the heavy clay loam formed by the disintegration of basalt. Contr. Nat. Heib., Vol. XI. Plate IV. Ld — - _l ^ :^ _) .« -/ ) O 7 — O ■^ :, Z _ _i: .— y 1 — — cc Z ^ 1- -' < / , o - - CO _i ■— > ^ — < r ^ iiJ c * h- cri ^ CO PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASIITNGTON. 25 In some of the John Day rocks remains of phmts and animals are found which long since have become extinct. These belong to Miocene-Tertiary time and indicate the existence of a rich and varied flora, strikingly different from that which occupies the region to-day. The surface of the Columbia River l)asalt averages about 700 meters in elevation. kSubsequent to its formation occurred the uplifting of the Cascade aud Blue mountains. Since that time the geological history of the region has been mainly one of erosion. Owing to the soft character of the basalt the i)rincipal rivers have worn great canyons in it along their courses.. Thus Snake River where it enters the State flows in a tremendous gorge 000 meters deep, this gradually lessening to the westward. Where this river cuts through the Blue Mountains betw^een Washington and Idaho it exposes 1,300 meters of basalt rock, which is supposed to represent about the original thickness of the combined lava overflows. The Columbia River for a great portion of its course has followed close to the line of contact between the basalt and the older granitic rocks. In places its canyon is almost as impressive as that of Snake River. Besides the canyons now occupied by streams, there are many others, the abandoned courses of ancient rivers, called coulees. The most notable of these are Grand Coulee (PI. IV) and Moses Coulee in Douglas County, 200 to 300 meters deep. These two coulees were originally enormous cracks in the l)asalt, and have since been greatly eroded. The bottom of the first named is occupied by a nearly contin- .lous chain of lakes. The glacial period has left but small traces of its work in eastern Washington outside of the mountains. During this time the canyons of the Snake River and the Columbia were filled to a depth of about 100 meters with gravel, most of which has since been removed. The upper Spokane Valley is, however, still composed of such glacial detritus. No evidence of glaciation exists, however, on the surface of the basalt plateau, excepting in the northern part of Douglas County, ndrere glaciers crossed the Columbia, thus blocking it and causing the waters to find a temporary new channel through the Grand Coulee. Apparently the gorge of the Columbia River through the Cascade Mountains was blocked at this same time, resulting in the formation of a great glacial lake, called Lake Lewis. This seems to have occu- pied practically the same area as its ancient predecessor. Lake John Day. Except for ill-defined beaches at an elevation of 420 meters and occasional erratic bowlders scattered over Yakima and Douglas coun- ties and doubtless dropped by icebergs, there is little left to show the existence of this lake. 26 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. For the most part the Cohiiiibia River hiva completely covered up all of the older rocks over which it flowed, these being seen only as they are revealed in the river canyons. Exceptions to this appear in peaks which were too hii>li to be overwhelmed, as in the cases of Steptoe and Kamiak buttes in Whitman County, together with many others less conspicuous. Steptoe Butte is a granitic cone projecting about 500 meters above the surrounding l>asalt and, being completely isolated, is a notable landmark. To designate such isolated buttes, of wdiich there are many, Ivussell has proposed the term steptoe^ after the name of this striking example. A steptoe is '" an island of granite in a sea of basalt." Kamiak butte near Pullman is composed largely of quartzite. THE BLUE MOUNTAINS. The Blue Mountains in extreme southeastern Washington and ad- jacent Oregon, represent a great uplift of basalt surrounding a central mass of granite peaks. The portion of these mountains in Washington is composed Avholly of basalt, elevated to over 2,000 meters. The granitic peaks in the central part of the mountains, the so- called PoAvder River Mountains in Oregon, rise to an altitude of about 3,000 meters, and form the greatest "steptoe" in the wdiole Columbia Basin. CLIMATE. The data here presented are compiled from the reports of the United States Weather Bureau. The observing stations are all located at places of relatively low altitude, and the accurate data therefore relate wholly to the portions of the State wdiich lie in the Transition and Upper Sonoran areas. PRECIPITATION. The following table gives the normal annual rainfall of each of the Weather Bureau stations together with the length of the period over which full records are available : PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 27 RuhifaU records. Station. Aberdeen Aiiarortes Ash ford Bellingham ... Blaine Bremerton Brinnon Cedonia Centralia Cheney Clearbrook Clearwater Clealnm Colfax Colville Conconnlly Cotipeville _ _ - Crescent Danville Dayton East Sound Ellensburg Ephrata Fort Siincoe... Grand Monnd rxranite Falls- _ Hooper Horse Heaven. Hunters La Center Lakeside Lind Loomis Lyle Mayfield Mottinger's Ranch Mount Pleasant _ _ - Moxee Neah Bay Northhead ... Northport Olga Olympia - Pasco . - _ Ponieroy Port Crescent Port Townsend Pullman RhPu])1ic Ritzville Rosalia Seattle Sedro Woolley Silvana Snohomish i- noqualmie Falls . South Ellensburg. ^•'outh Bend Spokane Sprague , Altitude in ^11^^^ ^^^^- in years. 162 75 ,775 60 75 15 SO ,000 212 ,351 140 135 , 930 , 300 , 635 ,150 78 , 150 .749 ,450 577 265 400 162 397 ,083 250 985 ,700 ,200 600 300 807 650 ,000 50 ,950 50 15 360 ,500 259 80 , 500 , 628 . 825 , 300 123 38 35 50 667 , 570 16 .943 14 11 8 10 8 4 6 11 11 6 12 9 6 12 5 5 9 5 1 16 10 17 1 15 9 5 3 1 5 8 14 8 7 12 9 5 5 13 20 1 6 15 27 1 9 10 15 13 5 6 13 14 8 10 11 4 11 9 24 6 Average annual pre- cipitation in inches. 88. 55 29.41 71.81 31.93 43.91 53. 60 76.15 20.39 46.41 17.14 47.11 131.01 28.73 23. 96 17.47 16.20 22.49 18.67 13.97 24. 86 31.72 9. 52 6.03 9.30 52. 60 60.07 13.11 8.92 20.38 51.26 12. 63 11.75 13. 69 25.11 65. 90 9.34 59. 39 8.79 109. 37 50. 53 19.41 30. 60 55.11 5. 74 19. 46. 21. 22. 20.23 7.01 20.89 35.90 48.94 36. 43 46. 64 64. 76 9.29 92.09 18.23 15.11 28 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. I 'a ill fill I records — Coiitinuod. Station. Altitude in feet. Length of record in years. Average annual pre- cipitation in inches. Sunnvside . . _ . 764 213 86 900 6 1,619 10 2, 050 50 110 1.000 2,624 1,169 60 2,203 715 757 855 12 340 50 10 19 20 1 2 1 11 5 31 16 19 15 6 9 6 3 11 14 30 17 45 6.63 Tacoina , Tatoosli _ . 44.63 93. 78 Trinidad 6.05 Twin 66. 50 Twisp . . _ . . _ . 18. 50 Union City 83.41 Usk ... 24.80 Vancouver .... . . 38. 74 Vashon Island Walla Walla Waterville . . 41.56 16.77 13.30 Wenache.- 15. 52 Whatcom . .. . 31.93 Wilbnr . 16.20 Zindel 17.67 Lewiston. Idaho ... . 13. 82 Arlincfton. Orear 9.11 The Dalles. Oreg 15. 09 Umatilla. Oreg . . 8.84 Astoria, Oreg . _ 87.41 The rainfall map (PL V) is based mainly on the above records, but over mountainous regions where no records have been made the lines drawn are based on topooraj^hy. Owing to the great vari- ation in rainfall caused by mountains and to a less extent by deep canyons, which often make great diiferences within small areas, the i-ainfall map is drawn on broad lines. Enough is known of these local differences in rainfall caused by topography to make it certain that an accurate map of Washington to show these smaller differ- ences would be a ver}' complex affair. The larger differences in the normal annual precipitation are clearly shown by the map. As a whole, western Washington has a hea\"}^ rainfall while that of eastern Washington is light. The coast region has the greatest precipitation, heaviest on the western slope of the Olympic M'nintains. The region immediately to the north- east of these mountains has a correspondingly light rainfall. No satisfactory records are available for the precipitation in the higher parts of the Cascade Mountains. Presumably it is between 7T) and J)0 inches. In eastern Washington perhaps the most striking feature is the suddenness with which the precipitation decreases east of the crest of the Cascades. The area over which the rainfall is less than 10 inches is practically identical with the Upper Sonoran life area. As compared with the rest of the United States the narrow strip immediately along the ocean has the maximum amount of rainfall, Contr. Nat. Herb. Vol. XI Plate V. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF \VASHINGTON. 29 approarliod only by that of the regions al)Out Mobile, Ala., and Cape llatteras, N. C. The rainfall of the I*nget Sonnd Basin as a whole is but slightly in excess of that of the Atlantic coast States, but it shows wide variation within short distances. The greater part of (astern Wasliington coincides as regards total rainfall with the upper Mississippi Valley. A noticeable peculiarity of the Washington rains, particularly in the western part of the State, is their gentleness. They are rarely ::cconipanied either by winds or by lightning. Perhaps 90 per cent of the rains consist of gentle drizzles, locally characterized as " Ore- gon mists." A most striking feature of the rainfall is the very low amount of ])recipitation during the sunnner months. This has given rise to a distinction ])etween a "■ dry "' or summer season and a " wet " or winter season, tliough in reality the Avet season includes much of the spring m all i)arts of the State, and also of the fall, particularly in western Washington. A prolonged " dry " season naturally entails drought, which may be marked even in the humid western i)ortion of the State, In east- ern Washington such droughts have occasionally caused severe injury to crops. The significance of this dry season is rendered more clear by com- parison. If we except the Vancouver strip, all of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains has normally less than ;> inches of rain- fall during July, August, and September, an amount lower for these months than any other part of the country. For eastern Washington, as a whole, the rainfall of these three months averages about 12 inches. The normal annual rainfall for ^hv Vancouver strip during the three summer months is less than (> inches, thus coinciding with that of the area between the one hundredth meridian and the Rocky Mountains. SUNSHINE AND CLOUDINESS. The average number of clear days in western Washington for the years 1902-1904 was, respectively, 120, 127, and 117; of partly cloudy days, 92, 100, and 80 ; of cloudy days, 153, 148, and 159. Ah might be expected in conformity with the wide variation in rainfall, the extremes depart considerably. The smallest numbers of clear days were, respectively, 56, 42, and 48 ; the largest, 171, 174, and 174. In eastern Washington for the same years the clear days totaled, respectively, 14G, 153, and 178; the partly cloudy days, 92, 95, and 90; the cloudy days, 127, 117, and 98. The largest numbers of clear days w^ere 207, 228, and 230. The smallest records for the same years were G7, 77, and 85. 30 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. If the records arc considered separately for the stations located within the line of 10 inches of rainfall the average number of clear days for these same years is 1G6, 1G8, and 103. These data show very clearly that eastern AVashington has much more sunshine than western Washington, and also that in the region of less than 10 inches rainfall, which closely coincides w^ith the Upper Sonoran area, the amount of sunshine is considerably greater than for the average of eastern Washington. The following percentages are based on the normal sunshine map of the United States Weather Bureau : The least amount of sunshine is in the very humid region, which has over DO inches of annual rain- fall. Less than 40 per cent of the days here are clear, a low^ percent- age equaled in the United States only on the upper peninsula of JNIichigan, in northern New York, and in northern New England. In the region of less than 10 inches rainfall over one-half of the days of the year are clear, thus corresponding in general with the broad basins of the Missouri and jSIississippi valleys and with the Southern States. The remainder of the State has from 40 to 50 per cent of the days clear, resembling in this respect the region of the Ohio Valley northward and eastward. TEMPEBATURE. "WESTERN WASHINGTON. Temperature records of the United States AVeather Bureau are available for over 30 stations in western Washington, all located in the Humid Transition area, for periods varying from one year to thirty years. The normal annual mean temperature based on these records is 49.3° F. The same average for each of the 30 stations shows the lowest to be Port Crescent, 46.6°, and the highest to be Vancouver, 52°. The normal monthly mean temperatures of the same stations vary as follows: Temperature data for Humid Transition area. Month. January . Fel)ruary March - . April May June Degrees F. 35 to 40 37 to 43 38 to 46 45 to 51 50 to 58 54 to 63 Month. July August _ - . September October _ . November December Degrees P. 56 to 66 56 to 66 53 to 60 47 to 53 38 to 46 34 to 43 The highest temperature ever recorded at any of these stations is 100°: the lowest is — 2°. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 31 As regards teniperatui'e then the climate of this region is remark- ably equable, without niarkeil extremes in either sunnner or winter. The region in immediate ])roximity to the ocean has the coolest sum- mer, and the extreme winter temperatures have never reached zero. EASTERN WASHINGTON. The records of the United States Weather Bureau concern nearly forty dift'erent stations in eastern Washington for periods of from one to twenty-three years. Fifteen of these stations lie within the Upper Sonoran area, the remainder Avithin the Arid Transition. The Upper Sonoran stations are Ellensburg, Ephrata, Kennewick, Lind, Mottinger's Eanch, Moxee, Odessa, South Ellensburg, Sunnyside, Trinidad, Walla AValla, Wenache, and Zindel. The normal annual mean temperature for the whole region is 48.7° ; for the Arid Transi- tion stations alone it is -15.9° ; and for the Upper Sonoran stations it is 51.3°. The nornuil monthly mean tenijjeratures for the stations located in the Arid Transition are as follows: Ti'itiitrnituic (lata for Arid 'rransitioii area. Month. J a nil a ry. Febi'iiarj' Maivlu_. April May June Degrees F. 21 to 34 25 to 38 30 to 43 43 to 52 51 to 58 55 to 05 Month. July August September October, _- November. December. Degrees F. 02 to 72 02 to 74 51 to 03 44 to 55 32 to 42 25 to 30 The highest temi)erature recorded at these stations is 105°, the loAvest is —32°. The corresponding data for the stations located in the Upper Sonoran area are as follows : Temperature data for Upper Honoraii area. Month. Degrees F. Month. Degrees F. January 25 to 37 25 to 39 39 to 49 48 to 55 55 to 63 59 to 71 July 05 to 77 February August September October 00 to 75 :\Iareh 50 to 04 April 30 to 43 May Noyember 28 to 3S June December 47 to 57 The maximum temperature ever observed at any of the above stations is 113° ; the minimum is — 30°. 32 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. As regards tempenitiire, eastern AVashington while having a normal annual mean but slightly lower than that of western Washington, has much greater extremes, being decidedly colder in winter and warmer in summer. The Upper Sonoran area as compared wdtli the Arid Transition is several degrees warmer. A notable feature of the temperature of Washington, in conformity Avith nnich of the region west of the Rocky Mountains, is the great variation of temperature between day and night, especially in sum- mer. It is emphatically a region of cool nights, where one can ap- preciate blankets at night throughout the year. These cool nights are least marked in the Upper Sonoran area, and it may, indeed, be found that this factor is an important one in limiting the range of Upper Sonoran plants. These cool nights naturally indicate late frosts in spring and early ones in autumn. In western AA'ashington such killing frosts are not unusual up to April 15, and rarely a month later. Except in the Avarmest portions of eastern AVashington killing frosts occur not uncommonly up to June 1, and infrequently three weeks later. The first autumnal frosts in western Washington occur as eaHy as the middle of September or as late as the middle of November; rarely they nui}^ be delayed until December. The dates are much the same for eastern Washington. WINDS. The most prevalent winds are from the southeast, and are usually accompanied by rain. East of the Cascade Mountains they are known as chinool-s. This term is usually applied only to the winds that blow in the Avinter months, but there seems no proper reason to distinguish such from similar winds during the remainder of the year. The winter chinooks are commonly warm winds, accompanied or immediately followed by heaA^y rains; rarely they are cold and dry. The Avet chinooks are in eastern Washington remarkable chiefly for the rapid rising of the temperature Avhich they occasion. These Avinds are often quite scA^ere. This is particularly true of the occasional soutliAvest Avinds Avhich occur in summer, Avhicli in eastern Washington usually assume the form of dust storms. Such storms may cause much destruction. The only other winds deserving of special mention are those which sometimes occur in eastern Washington during the summer months, bloAving from the north or northeast. These Avinds are gentle but exceedingly dry, and are therefore capable of causing great damage to growing crops. For this reason they are much feared in the agri- cultural districts. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 33 THE ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WASHINGTON PLANTS. That there are physical causes which profoundly influence the dis- tribution of plants no one who has crossed the State of Washington from east to west can for a moment question. The contrast between tb. ' treeless bunchgrass prairies and sage plains of eastern Washing- ton and the luxuriant coniferous forests of western Washington is loo striking to overlook. In this particular case the principal factor is one of humidity, the Puget Sound region possessing a notably moist climate, while that of the Columbia Basin is markedly arid. A similar change of vegetation may be Avitnessed in the ascent of any of our higher mountain peaks. As elevation increases the famil- iar lowland })lants disappear and different ones present themselves, >\hich in turn give way at high altitudes to still others. The me.-t marked of these changes is that where the timber ceases and the alpine meadows present their charming car})et of floAvers. Here the changes are due manifestly not to differences in humidity, but to les- sened temperature, a conclusion emphasized by the fact that mrny of these jilpine j^lants are the identical species which occur in arctic regions. Heat and moisture are undoul)tedly the principal physical factors r,])on which the distribution of plants depend. A third factor may be im})ortant, even determinative, namely, the character of the soil, but this is much less potent than the two above named. In addition to these i)hysical factors only one other need be considered, the bio- logical factor of CDicc-stry. In general, plants inhabit the regions where their ancestors thrived. This factor is usually continental in its scoi^e; thus cacti and yuccas are confined to America; eucalypti to Australia, and lilacs to Asia. But in a similar wa}^ this same fac- tor oi)erates over small areas, and it is the principal cause why the l*acific coast flora as a whole is different from that of the xVtlantic. The existing plants are different because their immediate ancestors were, whatever factors may have determined that. It is not to l)e understood from this that all the plants which for- merly flourished in Washington hare left descendants there. In Ter- tiary times such plants as palms, cinnamon trees, and se([uoias grew in Washington. Some of these require tropical or subtrojiical condi- tions of heat; others, as the sequoias, probably have given way in comiK'tition with more aggressive species. Nevertheless the broad statement remains true that the present vegetation of XXa^ region owes its character in large part to similar ancestors. Thi conditions which make the Pacific coast the home of many peculiar genera and species are ancestral. The heat and moisture requirements of these plants are duplicated in other portions of the earth, where, however, totally different congeries of species occur. 29418—06 M 3 34 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. It is ivenorally adniittod that heat is the most potent factor in determining the distril)iiti()n of phmts, and that in o-eneral the old division into Aivtie. Temi)erate, and Tropical zones approximates the real truth. Such zonation, dependino- on heat, is far more wide- reaching than one depending- mainly on moisture. While the former gives rise primarily to what we in general know as Arctic or Trop- ical zones, the factor of moisture determines the opposed conditions we distinguish as arid and moist. Differences in the heat factor are universal, resulting in the whole earth l)eing divided into more or less well-marked zones, corresponding in general with isothermal lines. Differences in the moisture factor are relatively local, so that deserts may occur in the midst of the most varied surroundings. While the larger zones dependmg on heat are strikingly different, yet each passes gradually into the contiguous ones. Determination of such zones is therefore more or less arl)itrary. The scheme of life zones, so far as North America is concerned, that has resulted from the studies of Merriam has been generally adoi)ted. It is as follows: f Arctic (iV Arctic- Alpine zone. Boreal regi m -- Hndsonian zone. I ( 'anadian zone. f Alleghenian area. Transition zone - - - . Arid Transition area. i Pacific or Hnmid Transition area. Austral region •, Upper Anstral zone fCarolinian area. lUpper Sonoran area. Lower Austral zone f Austroriparian area. iLower Sonoran area. _, . T • (Humid Tropical area. Tropical region i / lArid Tropical area. In this scheme zones are based primarily on the distribution of plants and animals as determined by the heat factor. The subdi- vision of the zones or areas depend mainly on the differences due to the moisture factor. As may readily be imagined, all possible combi- nations of these two factors occur, so that regions of mixed character are found wherever zones or areas are contiguous. This overlapping of contiguous zones that are usiuilly well marked is perhaps more pronounced in the Pacific northwest than elsewhere in North America. It has been ascribed to the very equable temperature of the region. In consecpience of this peculiarity the determination of the life zones in Washington, so as to coordinate them with adjacent regions, presents unusual difficulties. Six life zones or life areas are represented, namely, the Arctic, the Hudsonian, the Canadian, the Humid Transition,' the Arid Transition, and the Upper Sonoran. The first-mentioned zone, the Arctic, is sharply marked, consist- ing of the alpine flora above timber line. These alpine meadows PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. oD correspond in conditions, and in a large part in species, with the arctic meadows north of the limit of timl)er. The Upper 8onoran area in eastern Washington is practically coex- tensive with the distribution of the sagebrush. Agriculturally it is the region where the connnercial growing of peaches and water- melons is practicable. The Humid Transition, or Pacific area, includes the great forests of red fir in western Washington. Other characteristic trees are the giant cedar, red alder, and Oregon maple. The Arid Transition area in eastern Washington includes two subdivisions, a lower one — the bunchgrass prairies, and an up])er — the yellow pine forests. The Canadian zone has for its most characteristic tree the western white pine. Here, too, the lodgepole pine, the western larch, and the western hemlock are most abundant and best developed. The Hudsonian is the zone of the subalpine fir, the Alaska cedar, Ihe black hendock, and the white-bark pine. At their extreme limits of altitude all of these become prostrate mats of branches. These zones are not separated by level altitudinal lines. This may readily be seen where the Hudsonian and Arctic zones meet. The trees of the former zone extend up the mountain sides much higher on the ridges than in the valleys between. The dividing line is thus a sinuate one. This has been considered by Merriam partly the result of more and less favorable exposure to the sun's rays, and partly to air currents, the warm currents tending to follow up the steep ridges while the cold currents flow down in the valleys. Conse({uently, cer- tain species ascend highest on the warm ridges, while others descend farthest in the cool valleys. Exactly similar conditions, but with the forest line reversed, are seen at the low altitude timber line of the yellow pine, where this borders on the bunchgrass prairies. The timber here descends to much lower altitudes along valleys and draws than on the ridges; or, what is the converse statement of the same thing, the bunchgrass flora ascends highest on the Avarm slope. The most notable examples of the effect of slope exposure alone are perhaps seen on high ridges, or in canyons that extend in a gen- eral east and west direction. For example, Kamiak Butte, a bold jieak in AVhitman County, has nearly its entire south exposure cov- ered by a bunchgrass flora, while the northern slope is denselv tim- bered with yellow ^^ine and other coniferous trees. In canyons of low altitude the sunny north wall is often timberless. while its shady south wall is timbered. The same fact is generally true in the case of high mountain i)eaks. The corresjjonding zones extend relatively higher on the south or warmer side than on the north or colder side. 36 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Making due allowance for the overlapping of the various zones, the following approximations of their altitudinal limits in Washing- ton may be made: Upper Sonoraii. Go to GOO meters (200 to l.OOO feet). Humid Transition, to 1.200 meters (0 to 3.800 feet). Arid Transiti(jn, 500 to 1,300 meters (1,G00 to 4,200 feet). Ciuuidlan, 400 to 1.500 meters (1,400 to 5.000 feet). Iludsoniau, 1,500 to 2,100 meters (5.000 to 7.000 feet). Arctic, 1,800 to 3,200 meters (G,000 to 10,500 feet). UPPER SONORAN LIFE AREA. This comprises the western or arid portion of the Upper Austral life zone. It occupies much of the Columbia and Great basins, and the lower portions of the Great Plains eastward to about the one hundredth meridian. It also extends southward into Mexico at increasing elevations along both sides of the Rocky Mountain system. In Washington the area is confined to that portion east of the Cascade Mountains below a contour line approximating 360 meters (1,200 feet), but on southerly slopes it may extend up to 510 meters (1,700 feet), or even more. From an agricultural standpoint this zone is that in which the commercial culture of such crops as tomatoes, peaches, apricots, and Avatermelons is possible. In Washington the most conspicuous plant of this zone is the sagebrush {Artemisia tr id entata) (PL VI). It marks quite sharply the limits of the Upper Sonoran zone, seldom extending into the zone above, as it commonly does farther southward. Other characteristic, if less abundant, shrubs are rabbit brush {Ghrysothamnus nauseosu-s and C. viscidiflorus) , hop sage {Grayia spinosa), antelope brush {Kunzia tridentata, locally known as black sage), and, in alkaline situations, greasewood {Sarcohatus verTuicidafus) . In a few locali- ties the sagebrush is absent, but in such cases one or more of the other characteristic shrubs is sure to be present. Excepting such species as are confined to the moist gi'ound along perennial streams, the great majority of the Upper Sonoran plants are either shrubs or thick-rooted perennial herbs or short-lived annuals. There are in Washington about 500 species of plants which occur in this life zone. Of this number 243 species occur in no other life zone— that is, are distinctive. Furthermore, of this last element 31) species are confined in their distribution to the Columbian Basin of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, several of them being quite rare and local. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI. Plate VI. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 37 ORIGIN or THE UPPER SONORAN FLORA. Some considerations regarding the origin of the Upper Sonoran species of the Washington flora* seem to justify definite conchisions. In the geographical history of the Columbia Plains, as above outlined, there was found, during the existence of Lake John Day in Miocene- Tertiary time, a rich flora of sul)tropical aspect. Subsequent to this time and probably not much prior to the glacial epoch, occurred the principal uplift of the Cascade Mountains. This undoubtedly caused profound changes in climatic conditions, particularly to the eastward of this range, accompanied by correspondingly great changes in the flora. Succeeding the uplifting of the Cascade Mountains came the Gla- cial period. During this period immense changes took place in western Washington, but there is scarcely a trace of glacial worlv on the plain of the Columbia. Nevertheless, in accord with the lower temperatures there was probably a general southward, migration of the plants, followed by their return on the retreat of the ice. Of the changes which have taken place in the flora since the John Day period to the present time there is no record preserved. In this enormous lapse of time — perhaps millions of years — a forest composed of magnolias, elms, sycamores, etc., apparently much like that of the Lower Mssissippi in the present day, has utterly vanished and no near relatives remain, either in the same or adjacent territory. Inasmuch as somewhat similar subtropical forests existed in Mio- cene time in western Washington, the causes which have led to their extinction are more profound than such climatic changes as could bo occasioned by the Cascade uplift and are to be sought rather in the general causes which have lowered the temperatures of the earth's surface. There remains, then, but one source from which light may be thrown on the present constitution of the flora— namely, its relation to contiguous floras. Such considerations naturally focus first on the physical conditions which most likely prevailed at the close of the last great geological cataclysm, namely, the Glacial period. The most conspicuous result of this period of cold is perhaps the large number of Arctic species which occur on all the higher peaks of the Cascades or stranded on isolated mountains, as the Olympics or the Blues — a fact which ap- pears more striking in mountains farther to the southward. How- ever slight the effect of the Glacial period may have been in eastern Washington, it is quite certain that the temperature was such that no plants adapted to Upper Sonoran conditions could survive. They were either driven southward, as were the Arctic plants, or else per- ished. Following the retreat of the ice, the areas that then became 38 CONTRTP,I"TTONi=; FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. fitted to support an Upper Sonoran flora could have become inhab- ited eitlier by the northward extension of alread^y adapted pLmts, or by the gradual modification of species of a colder zone, or by both. The evidence indicates the first method to have been the most potent. South of the Columbia Basin are two very distinct floral regions — namely, California and the Great Basin — divided by the Sierra Nevada. It is perfectly clear that Upper Sonoran plants of the Columbia Basin hax'e been derived in j^art from each of these sources, assuming- that plants which range from California or the (Ireat Basin into the Columbia l^asin originated in th<^ formei" regions and not vice versa. This assumption is based on considerations heretofore discussed. The prevailing winds of the Columbia Basin are from the south- w^est. So pronounced are these winds that they have had considerable to do wnth molding the hills in the entire region. Very naturally plants would migrate quite rapidly with these very constant and at times severe southwest winds. The natural route of the Californian plants would l)e through the low gap in northeastern California made by the Klamath Kiver and lakes. Some few plants may have reached the Columbia Basin by way of the Willamette Valley and the Columbia Iviver, but this, if true, is certainly exceptional, not only on account of the long distance and moist region through wdiich these illy adapted plants would have to migrate, but from the actual fact that few Sonoran plants reach the Willamette Valley, the liogue River Mountains in southwest Oregon forming a sharp and efi'ective l)arrier to them, but not to Transition j^lants. The following lists of Upper Sonoran plants indicate the relative importance of the Californian and Great Basin elements in AVash- iuirton: SPECIES OF CALIFORNIA ORIGIN. Ahiii.'i rhnnthi folia. Ai>h}ilU)ii coiiiosuiii. Blcph(irli>(tppHf< t/landinoaii-^. Cnjptinithr i^ulH/IocIiididtd. Hem izon la citrlodorii. Lepidium dictyotum. Lupin ».s- micrncarpus. Mieroseris Uncarifolia. OoKttJirra ■<itanion liyxtri.r. SoJanum trifloruin. Hphaeralcea ni unroaiia. ^poroholus airoides. f)iinn nirriini. Eriof/oninii j)ntjifrrinii. Eri/si)n II ni occidoifalr. GiJia Irptouicria. HrVia II til IIS CHSicJcii. Lappiila nriiJa. Lnppiila, ciliata. Lcptoturn ia purpurea. Leptotaenia salmon iff ora. LesqiicreJla doiiglasii. Lomatiiiin r/ej/eri. Oreoearya eelosioides. Oreocarya spiciilifcra. Pentstenioii i/landiilosus. Pentsteiiioii priiiiiosiis. Phaca eoUinii. Phaca dipliysa. Phaca lyallii. Phaca iiiisella. Phaca re vent a. Phaca sclerocarpa. J'liaea sinuata. Phaca, speirocarpa. ■ Phacelia lent a. Ptery.ria terehinthina. Taliiiinii sjtinescens. TlieJypodiiiin streptantlioides. Toiiella florihinida. Toirnsendia ftorifer. Trifoli II III ni cf/acephalum. Viola trinerrata. HUMID TRANSITION AREA. The Pacific coast region west of the Cascade Mountains in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northwestern California, is notal)le for its moist climate and equable temperature no less than for the very luxuriant forests which these conditions foster. This region has sometimes been referred to as the Northwest Coast Strip, an unfortunate name, as the term " Northwest " has been used in too many senses to give it accuracy. Adopting a suggestion of Mr. D. A, Brodie, the term Vancouver Strip is here given to the region, for which it is desirable to have a definite name in conformity witli tlie remarkably uniform flora and fauna which it possesses. The name above suggested commemorates the name of the navigator who first thoroughly explored the region and whose name has there been attached to the largest island and to two im2:>ortant towns. Much the greater j^ortion of th(> Vancouver Strip belongs to the Pacific or Humid Transition area. The most characteristic tree is Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI Plate VII. Forest of Red Fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata). View near Longmire. Pierce ('/hus macro petalvs) which the following year fruits heavily and then gradually disappears. The thimbleberry {Puhus paroiflorm) is often abundant also, as is red- 42 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, flowered currant {Rihes scmyuineum) . By this time the Scouler wil- low is conspicuous, and in wet places the red alder {Almis oreyana). These two trees dominate the vegetation until the young red firs which spring up in a very dense growth have become large enough to supersede them. The red fir is so completely the dominant tree in the region that as a rule it quickly reforests itself whenever destroyed. BOTTOM LANDS. The bottom lands of western Washington are mainly river valleys. Less commonly they occur about lake borders or form marshes. The commonest type of forest covering is a red alder and giant cedar asso- ciation, wdiich, however, is seldom j^ure. Rarely either one of these trees may occupy the ground exclusively. Usually, however, there are associated various other trees, as white fir {Abies f/randis), large- leaved maple {Acer macrophyllum) , Oregon ash (Fraxinus oreyana), and Cottonwood {Popidvs trichocarpa.) The cottonwood often forms groves of pure growth in the river valleys, and the maple does so occasionally. Moisture of the soil is apparently the one factor that favors the red alder-cedar association, which is quite as common on springy hillsides and upland swanips as in river valleys. Where the amount of soil moisture is not too great the red fir occurs sparingly, but the individuals are often of gigantic size. In bottom lands that are excessively wet, the alder is absent and often the cedar also. Such lands commonly are covered by dense thickets composed of various species of willows, western cornel {Coimus occidentaJis), crabapple {Pyrus diiier.sifolia), and vine maple {Acer circinatnin) . These same species form the usual fringe along the banks of small streams flow- ing through the forest, especially the cornel and the vine maple. In such situations occur also various shrubs, as the devil's club {Echino- panax Itorrldinn) which, contrary to the oft-told tale, seldom forms dense thickets, the salmon berry (Rubus specfabilh) ^ the fetid currant {Ribes bracteosmn) , and the red-berried elder {Sambucus calUcarpa) . GKAVELIA' PKAIRIJ:S. The soil of these prairies, which are comparatively limited in extent, consists mainly of fine water-worn gravel, the pebbles mak- ing up perhaps 50 per cent, or more, of the soil. The j)rairies com- monly present the appearance of a sterile pasture (PL IX) with scat- tered oaks {QuercuN qarryana) here and there, and occasional beauti- fully symmetrical young trees of red fir. At the edges of the praij-ie, where the gravelly soil ceases, a dense forest of red fir usually occu- pies the ground, the gravelly prairie soil serving as an almost perfect barrier to this tree. In a few localities, where the gravelly soil merges gradually into the ordinary loams or clays of the region, the Contr. Nat. Herb,, Vol. XI Plate IX. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI. Plate X. PIPER FLORA OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 43 black pine ( Finns confoi'td) disinites the ground with the red fir. Until the middle of July these prairies are carpeted with flower,-; (PI. X). After this time they present a distinctly arid appearance. The flora consists of a considerable number of species which, so far as Washington and Oregon are concerned, do not occur else- where, though most of them range into California. Among tliem are the follow i no-: ArciHirid truclht. LUMjvciithcoit Idtifoliiim. Enjiltnuihuii i/inaiilcioii. Gilia tciK'lla. Godcthi (iiiKJCiHi. Godctiu iiKiiihinilDcra. Grinddia iiitcurifoliii. Honlzonvlla dm audi. Hookcru voronuta. Ilookcra piilchcUa. Hosuckia (/idciUs. Iris tciia.r. Lo))i(itiiiiii iitriciildtKDi. L II pill II -s' (/ Ihiciiiil is. Lupin IIS lepidiis. Microscris laciii iata. Ortliorurpiis iittiiiiiatiis. I'latiistif/uia orri/iniiini. Raiiiniciiliis orthorhynchus. Seiiccio fastigiata. Sericocarpus rigid us. Solidago tolmicana. ^yvthgris rot uiidi folia. Trifoliinii liallii. TrifoHiiiii tridcutatuin. VaJcriuiKila congest a. Viola Jioinllii. A much hirger number of species, however, recur in the Arid Transition area east of the Cascade Mountains. Nearly all of these species are limited to the Pacific coast, ranging from California northward to British Cohnnbia on both sides of the Cascade Moun- tains. Here, as in the case of tlie Up}Hn' Sonoran species of Califor- nia origin, there is good reason to lielieve that most of the species reached the Columbia P>asin through the Khunath Gap. Character- istic examples are the following: Agoscris hctcropji ijtla. AlchcmiUa orcidriitiitis. Alsine nitens. Antennaria lioircllii. Athysaniis piisiilus. Balsamorh iza balsa niorh iza. Balsamorhiza dcJtoidca. Boisduvalia strict a. Caruin gairdiicri. CaucaUs in icrociirpa. Ceanntlius sanguineus. Collinsia grand iflora. Crocidiii )ii in u 1 1 ica ii Ic. Erioccph alum la n a turn. Erigcron sprcios us. Gilia capita fa. Gilia gracilis. Githopsls speciilarioidcs. Hctcrocodon rariflorum. Hcuclicra cijliiuJricu. Hieracium scolder i. Ilonkera. li yacintJi ina. Eosackia dec u in 1)cns. Loinatiiiiii iiiiilicaiilc. Luinatiuiii triteriiatuni. Mlcra III ltd is orega iia. Nararretia iiitertcita. Pcctocari/d pciiicilldta. Pill us ponderosa. Pole nion ill III iiiicrantlnnii. Pruiius deiiiissa. Psilocarpli us elatior. Q lie re us garryxi ii a . Seduiu douglasil. Sid a Icea cainpestris. Silcnc inenziesii. tSisi/rincJi ivm grand! fl or uiii. TelUiiia parvifiora. Tliysanocarpus curripes. Toiiella colliiisioides. Zygadeniis vcncnosus. 44 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. A third series of species, fe^Y in number, presents a puzzling j^rob- lem. It consists of Arid Transition plants connnon enough east of the Cascade Mountains, which are knoAvn to occur west of these moun- tains only on Whidby Island, or, in a few cases, on neighboring islands. They deserve particular mention. Sierer-'iia e'duita is abundant east of the Cascades, ranging as a common plant to ]\Iinnesota and Nebraska, and as a rarity even to New England. AVest of the Cascades it is known only from the prairies of Whidl)y Island. ApJn/llon romost/m, a parasite on various asteraceous plants, is not rare in eastern Washington, and ranges east of the Cascades to Cali- fornia. It has also been found on Whidby and San Juan islands on Grindelia. Polonornum micrautJuim. and LvphixiR m'lcrocarpu!^^ both on Whidby Island, together with Phifi/spcrimnn scapujerum^ Anter con- fipicuiix^ and Scnt('lhiri(( aiu/Kstifol/n, known from Vancouver Island, are cases practically parallel to that of ApJn/JJoti {■omoKiim. Ii'is mixKovriensis is al)undant east of the Cascades, ranging to Dakota and Nebraska. Its station near Coupeville is the only one known in the Vancouver strip. Jrui'ipenis ficopiilornm^ which crosses the Cascades to reappear in Island and San Juan counties, is a somewhat similar case. There needs to be mentioned also tlu* only cactus that occurs in the Vancouver strip, pitnthi pohjardjifhd horealis, confined to the island in the northern part of Puget Sound. Only one physical factor presents itself which may explain these strange cases, namely, the fact that these islands lie in the lee of the 01ymi)ic jVIountains, and therefore have a lesser rainfall, as may be seen by comparison with the rainfall map. The conditions, therefore, more nearly api)roximate those of the Arid Transition area than any other portion of Washington west of the Cascade Mountains. But, admitting this to be true, it is difficult to see how these species could have crossed the barrier of the Cascade Mountains. The orily other alternative would seem to be that these species once occupied much of the Vancouver strip, and have persisted northward only in this some- what drier region of Whidby and adjacent islands. The case of a few Vancouver Island plants, like Lilaea siihvlata^ Fcsfi/ra ivfcxa^ and Mieroseris hir/eJovii, not otherwise known north of Oregon, and especially the cases of Baeria f/rdc'tlix and AlJocdrya (Jiorisiawt, which leap from California to Vancouver, seem, however, to lend weight to the latter hypothesis. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASIIIXUTON. -15 SEASHORES. Iiunu'dicitc proximity to the sea furnishes conditions that support a strij) of vet hrac]t!/p}is. Scldt/incJhi stnitli ioloidcs. In addition to these the marine aquatic genera Zostera and Phyl- lospadix deserve mention as our only genera of flowering plants found in the ocean. The related Iixppki maritlma occurs in brackish waters. SPHAGNUM BOGS. Sphagnum bogs are quite connnon throughout western AVashington. The usual shrubs are Labrador tea {Ledum laflfoliii///), laurel {Kal- mid (flauca), and cranberry {OxycoccKS oxycoccvs intermedins). Usually a willow {Salix inyrtilloideH) ^ sweet gale {Myriea gcde)^ and a dwarf birch (Hetida ghindtdosa) arc present also. On the drier hummocks small hendocks {TsiK/a lieteropliyUa) often occur, and in similar situations one is often sur})rised to find the black.pine {Pinus eonto/'ta), typically a i)lant of barren, graA'clly or sandy soil. The more interesting and characteristic herbs are sundew {Droscru rotund if olia)^ cotton-grass {Efiophorum russeolum)^ Scheuchzeria p" the s})ruee througliout all or nearly all of its range, are some other plants, such as Rihes lu.v/foi'Hiii^ MoncHes inu'ffot'u, Menziesia ferruginca, Coriius canadenttis, and Viola glaheUd^ which in the Cascade Mountains occur mainly or only in the Canadian or Hudsonian zones. On the other hand, it is very evident that the great majority of the plants in the Sitka spruce forests of Washington are truly Tran- sition plants. Indeed, some of the most characteristic of the under- shrubs of the red-fir forests are even more luxuriantly developed in the sj)ruce forests, such as the salal {GauUheria shallon), red huckleberry {Vaccinium paruifoUum), and the evergreen huckleberry {V. onatum). Some others, as the salmon berry {Ruhtis spectab'dis) and the devil's club {E chmopmiax horrida), accompany the spruce throughout nearly all of its range, and likewise occur in the Cascade Mountains far above it in altitude. Other facts of plant distribution also bear out the conclusion that the mixed floral character of the ocean coast is due to the remarkably equable temperature. One of these is the fact that a number of Alas- kan plants follow down the coast with the spruce, but do not follow down the mountain ranges. Such are the marsh plants Viold langs- doi-f/', Nephrop/ii/lUdium crista-galU, and Caltha a.sar/'folia; the dune plants, Carex macrocephala, and Glehnia littovalh; and Cala- magroatk aleutica^ G oelopleurum gmelini^ which on the Washington coast splits into two supposedly different species, Garcx cryptocarpa^ G onlosellnvin fsclwri., and Ammodema peploides. On the other hand, the northward extension of various Californian coastal plants overlaps the southward extension of these Alaskan species. Among these are Al>ro7iia lati folia and A. timhellata^ Angelica liendersorii, Gaertneria chamisnonis^ Myrica calif criiira^ and Pentacaena ramosissima. Perhaps, too, the peculiar conditions of this coastal strip may aid in explaining the local abundance of PinuH contorta, which otherwise reappears principally in the lodge-pole forests of the Canadian zone. The zonal- position of the Sitka spruce itself is a difficult matter to decide. Undoubtedly it reaches its greatest development as to size on the Washington and Oregon coasts, but on the Alaska coast it reaches its greatest development as regards number of individuals and domination of the forest. ARID TRANSITION AREA. In Washington this is confined entirely to the eastern portion, except, perhaps, a few limited localities west of the Cascades, here- tofore discussed, In our limits this area has two marked subdivi- 48 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. sions. The lower subdivision is grass-covered and lies immediately above the zone of the sagebrush. The conspicuously abundant plants are bunchgrass {Aii sptc o „1 5 13 UJ > > 5 PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 49 and the "black sunflower'' (Wi/efh!(( conplexieauUs) often occupy large areas in nearly pure growths. Along the streams and by springs Avillows of several sj^ecies, to- gether with a thorn {Cmtaegus hrevispina) form thick copses. Occa- sionally asjjens (PopuJiis tremuloides) and cottonwo'od {P. triclw- carpa) form groves. The commoner undershrubs are snowberry {Syynphorwarpos I'acemosus) ^ roses {Rosa nutkanaand Ii. pisoearpa), and gooseberries {Klhes inenne and R. Irriguum). Intermingled Avith these are other shrubs of less importance. Occasionally, how- ever, the birch {Betida micro pliyUa) is the most abundant shrub. The accompanying herbaceous vegetation is richer and more varied than on the hills, but the individuals are relatively less abundant. Among the more consi)icuous are : CastUleja miniaia. Clem at is h irsittissim a . Heracleum lanatum. Lupinus leiicophylliis. Sidalcea orcgana. Holidago .^crofina. Vrtica lyallii. Lrtica holosericea. Valeriana cevatopliylla. Teratnnii ealifoDiieinii. The north hillsides flora consists mainly of plants found in the " draws," though there are several species Avhich, while not entirely confined to the north hillsides, flourish there especially well. Such are the adder's tongue {ErytJwonhim, gmndiflorum),h\uehervy (l^ac- dnium cespitosum) ^ Trillium petiolatwm^ and Capnorea villosula. The scablands, which as before stated lie mainly between the zone of sagebrush and that of bunchgrass, possess in large part the flora of the latter. A few species, however, are quite characteristic of these basaltic outcroppings. One of these is a service-berry {Amelan- chier eusickii) which often occurs in the cracks of basalt crags. The rock-rose or bitterroot {Leicisia redivira) occurs abundantly in the crevices of " scab," making a brave show with its beautiful rose- colored flowers. Where a thin soil is formed, the scabland sagebrush {Artemisia rigida) often occurs in considerable areas. Other plants usually found only in scablands are: Arabis eusickii. Eriogonum thijnioides. Lomatiiim canhiji. Lomatintii farinos:tim. Lomatinm groifi. Lomatium inacroearpmn. Talinum spincscens. Viola trinervata. The conspicuous basaltic outcroppings along canyons and coulees are locally known as " rimrock." The rimrock flora is in general the same as that of scablands of similar elevation. (PI. XIII.) 29418—06 M 4 50 CONTRTBUTIOXS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, THE YELLOW PIXE FORESTS. The yellow pine belt in eastern AVasliinoton lies between the alti- tudes of 550 and 1,000 meters (1.800 and 3.300 feet). In places the characteristic tree, the yellow or liiill pine {Pin us poiu/erosa). de- scends nearly to sea level, as along the Columbia River, and specimens of the trees are occasionally found at 1,800 meters (0,000 feet) alti- tude. This tree exhibits a marked predilection for soils of granitic origin, and whenever such soil is found, even if comj^letely isolated, the yellow pine is quite sure to occur. The zonal distribution of the tree is not primarily due, however, to a soil factor. The raised dome of the northern portion of the Blue Mountains, wholly basaltic, is tim- l)ered with this tree. Likewise narrow tongues of the Columbia basalt of the usual elevation, 000 to 750 meters (2.000 to 2,500 feet), extending into Idaho between the flanks of granitic mountains, are covered with yellow pine forests. Nevertheless, it is apparent that this tree encroaches on the clayey basaltic soils with difficulty. Whether this is owing to the inability of the seedlings to struggle with the herbaceous vegetation or to a lack of adaptation to the soil itself, or to some other factor, remains to be determined. From the fact that the yellow pine establishes itself on basaltic clay soils under favorable conditions of moisture and temperature, as in the Blue Mountains, or of the shading and abundant seeding that the sur- rounding forests i3rovide in western Idaho, it is evident that the soil factor is not the only one that has j^revented the spread of the pine forest. Yellow pine forests (Pis. XIV, XV), where pure, are open in char- acter, and marked by the relatively small amount of forest litter. There is a rather scattered growth of various shrubs, consisting of ninebark {Opidasfer pavcifion/s. buckbrush [Ceanothus sanc/uineus)^ and rose (Rosa gymnocarpa) . At a somewhat higher altitude where the yellow pine is at its best, tlie commonest unclershrub is the huckle- berr}' {Vaecinium macro pliylhini). Where such forests are more open the most abundant plant is often the pinegrass {Calamagrostis suksdorfii) . Yellow i^ine forests are. however, seldom pure, except at low alti- tudes in rather dry soil. In the moister situations atl'orded by higher altitude, shaded slopes, or valleys, the yelloAv pine is usually mixed with red fir {Pseadotsiiga miicronata) in varying proportions. In- deed, as the moisture becomes greater the j)roportion of the red fir increases until it becomes the predominating tree. The increasing proportion of red fir is usually accompanied by a proportional in- crease in the density of the forest and the amount of litter. Shrubs, too. become more abundant both in species and individuals, and under favorable circumstances, as in old burns, some of them, espe- Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI Plate XIV. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI, Plate XV. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 51 ciallv sticky laurel {Cea/iof/ti(s reli/tlnifs) and thiiubk4)erry {Ruhus />errinius. Soiecio serra. Silriie nirnziesii. Sol id a go niissourioisis. Steironeiiia ciliatuni. tSi/ntJigris rubra. Tellinia tcnella. Therniopsis niontana. Valeriana ceratophylla. Wyetti ia aniple.rica ulis. THE COLUMBIA BASIX ELEMEXT. Considering the recent geological origin of the Columbia Basin, the number of species peculiar to it both in the Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition areas is remarkably large. The number Avould be greatly increased by including Oregon forms that do not cross the Columbia River. The Arid Transition species are as follows: Allium douglasii. Claytonia diehotoma. Amelanehier basalticola. Eriogonuni thymoides. Antennaria geyeri. Frasera alhicaulis. Antennaria stenophyUa. Helianthella douglasii. Arabis cusickii. Loniatiuiu canhyi. Artemisia rigida. Lomatiunt cous. Boisduvalia glabella. Lomatinm farinosum. Custilleja camporum. Lomatinm gormani. Castilleja lutescens. Lomatium watsoni. Clarkia pulchella. Orthoearpus barbatus. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, 53 Parrya mcnzicHiL Pentstenivn attciiuatiis. Pentxtemoii phictoniui. Pentstemon rich a nisonii. Pentstemon triph yUiis. Phaca atTccta. Phaca conjuncta. Phaca spuldingii. Physaria gcyeri. Platyspenii iini scapigcniiii. Polygon Kin polygaloides. Ranunculus tritcriiatus. Silcne spaldingii. Sphaeralcea longiscpala. Tri folium doiiglasii. Trilliuni pctiolatuvi. Viola trincrvata. COMPARISON OF THE HUMID AND ARID TRANSITION FLORAS. As before stated, the Cascade Mountains form a sharp and efficient barrier betAveen the areas of the Transition zone. The Humid Transi- tion does not cease abruptly with the crest of the Cascade Mountains, but many species descend for some distance on the eastern slope, at lower altitudes becoming mixed indiscriminately with Arid Transi- tion plants. In the moisture portions of the western slopes of the Bitterroots and in the Blue Momitains the climatic conditions approach those of western AVashington. It is therefore not surprising- that in the moister portions of the yellow pine subarea in western Idaho a great many of the Humid Transition plants of western Washington reap- pear. Indeed at least one-half of the species are thus common, and it is therefore largely an arl)itrary matter to class the one as Humid Transition, the other as Arid. The complex nature of the problem is realized, however, when we consider the remaining species. They may be thus grouped : First, those that occur in the Vancouver strip, but not in North Idaho; sec- ond, those that occur in Idaho, but not in the Vancouver strip, and third, those that are abundant in Idaho, but very rare in the latter area. The following tables bring out clearly the relative importance of these elements: PLANTS EQUALLY COMMON IN THE HUMID TRANSITION AREA OF THE VANCOUVER STRIP AND THE MOISTER PORTION OF THE YELLOW PINE SUBAREA IN NORTH IDAHO. Trees. Abies grand is. Acer douglasii. Pvnus contorta. Pinus monticola. Popuhis trichocarpa. Pseudotsugd m ucronata. Rhatnnns purshlana. Balix scoulerianu. Tuxus brevifoJia. Thuya plicata. Tsuga mcrtensiana. 54 C0NTEIBUTI02sS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Shrubs. Alniis siuuata. Amelanchier florid a. Ceanotli us saiitjiiiiicus. Ceanotlius velutiiuis. Chimaphila uin bellata. Linnaea americuna. Lonicera involiicrata. Mensiesia ferruglnea. Opulaster opiiIifoliKs. Herbs. Acfaea arguta. Adenocaulon hicolor. Alsine crispa. Alsine longipcs. Antenuaria Jioivellii. Aqiiilegia forntom. Asantm caiidatiun. Asplen 'mm cyclosonim. Carduuii cdiilis. Carex aniplifolia. Car ex stipafa. Cephalantheru uitstinac. Cinma penduhi. Circaea paciflca. Cytherca hinhosa. Dryopteris dihttuta. Festuca occidental is. Festiica siibulata. Galium trifidum. Geum macropJiyllum. Gilia capitata. H ieraciiim albiflorum. Lactuca spicata. Lysich itoH kamtscJwtceusis. Pa ch ysii)}i a m yrs in ites. Ribes lacustre. Rosa gi,mnocarpa. Rubus leucodermis. Rubus parvifiorus. Salix cor data. Scliizovotus discolor. Vacciiii i u in macroph yU u m . Melica subulata. Micromeria cliam issonis. Mini ulus ni oscli a t u s. Ophrys cordata. Panicularia pauciflora. Pcramium mensiesii. Pieridium aquilinum pubes- cent. Pyrohi aphylla. Pyrola bracfeata. Pyrola iticarnata. Pyrola picta. Quamasia quamash. Rail unculus bongardi. Scirpus microcarpus. Holidago elongata. Tra u i uetteria gra n d is. Trillium ovatum. ^'agllera amplexica ulis. Vagiiera sessilifoUa. Viola adunca. Wash ingtonia divarica ta. Xeropliyllum ten ax. PLANTS THAT OCCUR IN THE VANCOUVER STRIP, BUT NOT IN NORTH IDAHO. Trees. Acer circiiiaium. Acer macroph yllum. Alnus orcgaiia. Arbutus mcnziesii. Pyrus diversifolia. Salix lasiandra. Shrubs. Arctostaphi/los tomeutosa. Gaultheria shallon. RhododeiidroN calif or nicum. Rhus dirersiloba. • Ribes bracteosum. Ribes divaricatum. Ribes sunguiiieum. Sambucus callicarpa. Vacciniuin ovatum. Vaccinium parr i folium. PIPEK FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASITINGTOX. Herbs. 00 AcJihjs tripliijlhi. AUotropa virt/ata. B ik 111: 1(1 la form osa. Equisetiuii Ichiiuteia. Hciiiitoiiics coiH/estuiii. Jniiciis cofiUei. JiniCHS oxynierls. Lathyrus pohjiihyllus. Leptaxis vicnzicsii. Liiiii>u('< ri Villa ri.s. Pcianitcs speciosa. Poa Jwirellii. Polypodiinn occidenialc. (itruthioptcris splcaiit. Synthyris roUiudi folia. Vancouveria licxaiiilra. Ticia gigaiitea. Viola lioirellii. PLANTS THAT OCCUR IN THE MOISTER PARTS OF THE YELLOW PINE SUBAREA IN WESTERN IDAHO. BUT NOT IN THE HUMID TRANSITION OF WESTERN WASH- INGTON. Trees. Ahiiis toiiii folia. Andromeda poli folia. Berhcris rcpcih'<. Chiogcnes liispidula. Cornus slolonifera. Lonicera conjiir/ialis. Rhariniiis alnifolia. Aeon if II m coUunhianum. Acorus calamus. Antcnn a ria racemosa. Aralia niidicaiilis. Arnica cordifolia. A-^ter laevis gcyrri. Calochortiis elcgans. Carex geyeri. Carex neltraskenf^is. Clematis colmnbiana. Clemati.^ hirsiitis.^ima. Coptis occidenfalis. Frasera t h j,vs iflo ra . Shrubs. Herbs. Larix Occident alls. Rihrs irrigimm. R ibes vi.^co.'iis.'iim ii m . RiiJiiiK strigej.^iis. Samhiicus melanocarpa. Spiraea co>-ym hosa. Spiraea menzie.sii. Genliana oregana. Hydroijliylliim eapitatiini. Ligiisticiim rerticillaiiim. Mitella ■■itaiiropetala. Pentstemon pinetoriim. Petasites dentata. Ranunculus platyphylUis. Rudbeckia occidentalis. Saniciila marilandica. Sph aeralcea rir uhi ris. Syntliyris rubra. Therofon niajus. Trim inn petiolatiim. HUMID TRANSITION PLANTS COMMON IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. BUT VERY RARE IN NORTHERN IDAHO. Trees. Cornus nutiallii. Occurs onlv in the vallev of the middle forlv of the Clearwater. 56 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Shrubs. Berheris nervosa. Near Faruiington. Cornus occidetitaUs. Near Spokane, Wash. Corylus califoruica. Near Kettle Falls. Wash. EchinoixiiKi.i- horridinn. Gaidthcria oratifolia. Priest Lake. Rubiis iiiacroiJClaUis. Rubus spcctahiliN. Priest Lake, very rare. Herbs. Auteunaria lioirrlUi. Cedar Mountain. Spangle, Wash. Claytonki parv'ifoUa. Priest Lake; Packsaddle Peak. CcAUnsia grandiflora. Troy. Colloniid lictcrotihjiUa. Wiessner Peak. CoraUorhiza striata. Cedar Mountain. Erigeroii -speciosus. Fritillaria laiweolata. Farminjiton Landing. Palouse City, Wash. Heuchcra cylhidrlea. Near Lewiston. Eosackia Jjicolor. Hotcellia aqiiatilis. Lake Teseniini. Liliiirii parviftoruw. Lake Pend Oreille. Maiauthemnm bifolium kamtschaticiim. Priest Lake. Micrainpclis orcgaiw. T'niatilla River, Oreg. Kettle Falls, Wash. Mitelht caulescois. Faruiington Landing. Pol [/(/oil um lji.'ear r.iue. rit-in^ . . ^.ourtesy of the Forest Service. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, 59 The abundant herbs are ClinionUi iiniftora. D ispur II III oreiju n iiiii. Lcptaxis menzicsii. MiteUa cdiiJesceiis. OxaVis orer/ann. Oxalis trilliifdlia. Plicyoptcri.'i drijoptcris. Tru iitvcttcria r//7///(7/,s. Ta (1)1 era sens ilifo lia. Most of these occur also in the Transition. The zone can, in fact, be recognized in Washington not so much by any purely characteristic species as by the great abundance of species relatively rare in the contiguous zones. CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES OF THE CANADIAN ZONE." Abies aiiuihilis. Abies (/ran (lis Abies iKjbilis. *Coniiis canadensis. *Lonicera eonjiKjialis. Lonicera iitaliensis. Menziesia ferriu/inea. Pachijstinia mijrsinites. Pijriis siichensis. *Ribes ciliosiini. Trees. Shrubs. Plerbs. Allotropa virgata. *Aneiii(jne deltoidea. *Aneiii(jne piperi. Antennaria raeeiiKjsa. Arnica cordifolia. *Cacaliopsis nardosmia (jiabrata. *Cap)ioidcs scouleri. *Cardaiiiinc li/allii. Ceplialanthera aiistinae CJielone neinorosa. *Circaca alpi)ia. Clai/ton ia asarifcAia. *CIinto>iia uniftora. Cop t is occiden tal is. Corallorhiza corallorh iza. CoraUorJt iza nicrtcnsiana. Disponiin oreijaniini. *Galiinn bifoliiun. *He iich era in icra n tlia. *KelJo(jgia gal io ides. Lcptaxis menzicsii. *Lijcopodimn annotin iini. Lycopodium clavatuni. Acer douglasii. Pinus monticola. Ta.viis brerif(jiia. Ribes laxifioniin. '^Ribcs riscosissini iiin. *Riibus nivalis. ''^tSanibitciis nielaiKjcarpa. tSyniph oricarpos ac ntiis. * Vaccin i ii in sc(jpari uin. Lijsias orbiciilata. Mitella ca iilescens^ *Mon()tr(ipa hupopitijs. Oplirys caiirina. O.ralis (ircgaint. *OxaJis triUiifulia. Pciitstriiion d iff IIS IIS. Phegoi)tcris drijoptcris. PijroJa eh I(jra n ill a . Pijrola seeunda. R II d becJcia occiden talis. '*Haiigiiisorba JatifoJia. tiaxifrnija nicrtcnsiana. I'^ediiin orcganiini. Senecio triangularis. *Streptopiis roseiis. iSj/n til ijris ren iforni is. Til era foil occidoitalc. *Tiarclla iinifoliata. Traatrcttcria grand is. Vagnera scss Hi folia . Viola glabella. Viola orbiciilata. o The species uiiirked with an asterisk are restricted to the Canadian zone. 60 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. THE HUDSONIAN ZONE. This is the highest of the timbered plant zones, its average altitude in Washington being from 1,500 to 2,300 meters (5,000 to 7.500 feet). The most widespread and characteristic tree in all the northwestern mountains is the subalpine fir {Abies lasiocarpa) (PL XVII), In the Olympic and Cascade mountains this is always accompanied by the black hemlock {Tsuga meftensiana) , a tree which recurs locally in the Bitterroots of Idaho, but which is unknown in the Blue Moun- tains save on a single peak. It is not known whether this tree occurs in the Okanogan Highlands. In the Olympic and Cascade moun- tains the Alaska cedar {Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) is likewise a characteristic tree, but it does not occur eastward from the latter range. The white-bark pine {Finns (dbieanlis) also belongs to this zone, and reaches a higher altitude than any other Washington tree. It is absent from the Olympics, but occurs nearly throughout the Cascade Mountains, and appears again on the higher peaks of tlie Blues and Bitterroots. Comparatively few shrubs and herbs are definitely limited to this zone. Among the more conspicuous are an azalea {Rhododendron albiforum)^ a currant {Ribes hoicellii), and the western mountain ash {Pyrus occidentalis). In places the bear grass {XerophylluTn tenax) occupies acres of ground, but this plant occasionally occurs as low as the Transition zone. In the following table is given a list of the characteristic Hud- sonian species, showing their known appearance on the principal peaks of the Cascade Mountains, namely. Mounts Stuart, Rainier, Adams, St. Helens, Hood,° Mazama,^ and Shasta.'' Only small col- lections have been made on Mount Baker, and for this reason the species known to occur in the Cascade ]Mountains between the 48th and 49th parallels are lumped for comparison. The table also shows which species occur in the Arctic regions, in the Olympic Mountains, in the Blue Mountains, in the Rocky Mountains as a whole, and in the Sierra Nevada. a Howell, Thomas. The Flora of Mount Hood, Mazama, vol. 1, pp. 28^8, 1896. 6 Coville, Frederick V. The Aujriist Vegetation of INIount Mazama, Mazama, vol. 1, pp. 170-203, 1897. f Merriam, C. Hart. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta. North American Fauna, no. 16, 1899. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. XI. Plate XVI < c PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 61 Distribution of characteristic H iidsoniaii species. Name of species. 3 'St c c < a Hi o o c (-< 01 o '3 g 'S. a o 1 03 3 a s o 01 '3 « a § B < 5 3 "3 o ■a o o K c § s '3 c s o 3 5 i c 3 o OS > o IS .a' o o a a § 3 o Abies lasi(toarpa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ^ X 1 X X 1 X X X X X .... X 1 X X X X X X 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X .... X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ! X X X y X X X X X X X X .X ! X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X .. ^ X X ( ; .... X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mitella pentandra X X X X X X X X X ■'xi:::: X X X X X X X X X X X X .X X X -X X X X X X X X X X .\ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Polemonium humile X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Khododendrou albiflorum X X X X X X X X 62 CONTEIBUTTONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Distrihtil ion (if rliiirurtrrixl ic II iKlsonid ii siiecies — C'(jntiiiiiecl. ■a ci o c 'S c c Name of species. o c 5 o 3 .s '3 1 <5 "3 'C '3 c o ci oi CO 5 c 3 o IS a a J3 s 5 = 3 5 0) c .a t* O >i o o o o o 3 o X o < ^ o 1^ s s X <5 X pq s CO « s Kihes liowcllii i X X X X X X Kilics laxitiorum X 1 l;ilu-s lent mil X X X X X X X Kubus lasiocoeeus X X X X X X X X X X Rubus nivalis X Y X X Saussurea americana X Saxifraga mertensiana Sedum divergens X X X X Senecio subiiudus X X X X Seiiecio triangularis X X X X X X X X X X Spiraea densiflora Tofieldia intermedia X X X X X X X X X .... X X X Trollius laxus Tsuga mertensiana X X X X X X X X X X X X Vaecinium deliciosum X X X X X X X X X X X X Vaeeiniura seoparium X X X X X X X X X Valeriana sitchensis i . X X X X X X Veratrum viride X X THE ARCTIC ZONE. This is sharply iiinrkcHl by the high altitude timber line. As before explained, this line extends to a much higher altitude, TOO meters or more on Mount Rainier, on the ridges than, in the draws between. This, in general, is true of all the northweslern mountains. On the highest mountain peaks flowering plants extend \\p to 3,200 meters (10,500 feet) altitude. The lower portion of this zone, except where there are rock outcroppings,. is covered with a dense carpet of grasses and flowers. Among the more abundant of the former are Festuca viridifla, Poa arctica, and Agrostis rossae. Among the more conspicuous flowers in the damper places are a buttercup {Ranun- culus suksdorfii), a marsh marigold {Caltha leptosej)ala) ^ and a shoot- ing star {Dodecatheon 'je-jfreyi). On the drier slopes Pidsatilla occi- den tab's raises its curious tasseled heads of akenes; a lupine {Lupinus subalpini/s) forms great masses of blue; a painted cup {Castilleja oreojjola) makes mats of dull crimson, and a cinquefoil {Potentilla faheJJifoJla) furnishes an abundance of yellow. Even more con- spicuous are the two ''■ heathers," PhyUodoce emjyetrifonnis and Cassiope mcrfeyisiana^ the former with clusters of rose-j)urple flowers, the latter with the clusters pure white. Along the rills a beautiful blue gentian {Gentiana cahjeosa), the crimson mimulus {Mhnulus lewisii), and the yellow arnicas make parti-colorecl borders. Two small- plants, a saxifrage {Saxifruya foh/iic/) and Luthea pectinata are conspicuous only because they form dense mats. PTPEK FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 63 Along the limit of the meadows in what have been called "• pumice fields *' a very different series of plants appear. Among the more characteristic are a lupine (Lvpiin/s hjalli't)^ the curious Sprdguea umheUata, an Eriogonum {E. coryphaeum)^ Oreastruiii (dpigennmy Erhjcron aureus^ and Polemonhmi elegans. The above description applies particularly to the Arctic Zone in the Cascade Mountains. The flora of the same zone in the Olympics is very similar, the principal differences being in the flora of the high- est peaks. In the Blue jNIountains of Washington the Arctic Zone is very limited in extent. The arctic flora of these last mountains is, however, about as closely related to that of the Rocky ^Mountains as to that of the Cascades. The following list shows the same comparative data as regards distribution as were shown for ITudsonian species: r)ifii of charavieriKtic Arctlc-AJpbic species. Name of species. c o '5) < o -a o O o 'A' c 'S 5 o a 5 2 CO o 'a '3 « B 3 o a 03 < c Q a 0) w CO a a o i o 3 o c '3 5 s CO c o '3 c u .2i CO a 1 8 a aniila i-caltrella Cardamiue bcllidifolia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X X X Carex brevveri Carex cireinata Carex illota X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Carex nardina Carex nigricans X X X Carex spectabllis Carex vernacula X Castilleja oreopola . X X X X Castilleja rupicola Castilleja suksdo^^;i Clay tonia megarrhiza X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Dodeeatheon ieffrevi X X X Donglasia laevigata X X X ::::i:::: X X X Draba lonchocarpa X X ...J.... 64 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. lUstrilmtidii of chiirdctcrislic Arctic-Alp'Die species — Continued. Name of species. 1 "5; o < o ■o 03 o o c o >5 d 'S o 'S. 2 5 3 c 3 o c '3 5 -J. 1 •f, c 3 o s "3 K c 3 o -§ o K c 3 o IS c '3 c 3 o o _3 3 .a o ii hlooiiicri. Galium hifolium. *(Jciiiiaiia simplex. Gilia iiiicroiiicria. Gilia triierriiiia. Ivcsia ha lie III. f)rii<)'Iiriu xrapoidea. *P(IJaca hreircri. *Phuca holaiidcri. I'hi/saiia iicichcrnji. Poa holandcri. *PotciitiUa breiccri. *SaIi.r Icmmoiii. *Sedu}ii debile. *Siiicl(tir.sh-ia fremoiitii. Xpliacrusviadiuiii capilcUatinn. 'riialictnim fciidlcri. *Trif(:]iinn bcckirithii. *Tri folium plummcrac. SPECIES COMMON TO THE MOUNT STUART REGION. THE BLUE MOUNTAINS. AND THE KLAMATH REGION.'' Agoscris rctrorsa. *Arabis Icinnioiii. *A ra h is s ii ffr ii tcsccii s. Bikiikiilla iiniflora. ■'Brom us siilsdorfli. Claiitoiiia iiici/arrhiza. Cordi/laiitliiis rapitatiis. Ericaiw'iia nana. Eiipatoriiuii occidriitalc. *Hoorcbcl,ia grccnci. *Hoorebckia grcriiei inoUis. Ivesia gordoiii. Ledum gland ulosum. Leicisia triphyUa. *Meliea fugax. Melica strieta. Spiraea densiflora. Spragiira uinheUata. t^tipa leiiiiiioiii. *Ver(iii iea ciisirkii. *Viola hcckirilliii. Mohi purpurea. No especial attempt has been made to determine what species are absent from the Bhie Mountains which might be expected to occur there. It is especially striking, however, that all the forest trees of " Species marked witli an asterisk are confined to tbe above regions. 6 Species marked with an asterisk are confined to these three regions. «■ Species marked with an asterisk are confined to these two regions. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, tl the adjoining Bitterroots ivach the Bines excepting- tlie liiglicr alpine Lori.t hjallil and tlie giant cedar {Tluija pJicdta). Tlie absence of the hist tree is tlie more marked as it is common thronghont the Bittcrroots, even on most of the ontlying peaks. Some few other i)lants connnon in the Bitterrqots are likewise absent from the Blues. Among them are Frasera fastiginta^ Mitella staw'opetaia, Fentstenioa putetoi'unc^ Coptls occidentalism and Asavum C(lll(ll(fll III . The explanation of this peculiar interrelation in the floras of these distant mountains is probably to be sought in two facts. First, these mountain regions are alike in being composed wholly or largely of granite rocks; second, the intervening portion of the Cascades i^ wholly made up of volcanic rocks. THE BLUE MOUNTAINS. The gi-eater part of this range lies within the State of Oregon. Its central portion, known as the Powder River Mountains, consists of granitic peaks which rise to an altitude of 2,400 to 2,700 meters (7,000 to 0,000 feet). Surrounding this granite center are lower mountains composed wholly of basalt. Such is the case with the jiortion which extends into Washington. Occupying as they do a nearly central position in the Columbia Ba- sin, quite- widely sej^arated from the Cascade Mountains to the west- ward and the scattered mountains southward, while almost contig- uous to the outlying ranges of the Bitterroots to the east, peculiar- ities in the constitution of the flora of these mountains would be ex- pected. That such is the case was recognized by their earliest ex- plorer, Douglas, who made no less than three trips into this rather unique region. The general facies of the flora is that of all the other mountains surrounding the Columbia basin. The great majority of the plants are identical with those of the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and scarcely a smaller proportion with tho^-e of the adjacent moun- tains in Idaho. . An analysis of the remaining portion of the Blue Mountains flora shows that it consists of several elements of diverse origin which combine to make it peculiar. These elements are, first, those sj3ecies that are known to occur only in the Blue Mountains; second, those species which are common to the Rocky Mountains but which do not reach the Cascades, and third, those species which are also of more or less local distribution in the Cascade Mountains. The plants known to be limited in distribution to the Blue Moun- tains are neither numerous nor strikingly different from their nearest relatives. In themselves they indicate scarcely more than that their 72 CONTRIBUTIOXS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. origin is comparatively recent. It is worthy of note that a hirge pro- portion of them are habitants of the higher granitic portions of the mountains. The list is as follows : SPECIES CONFIXED TO THE BLUE MOUNTAIN'S. Allium coUiniun. Allium inacrum. AJUu))i inadidiim. AragaUus cusickii. Ca la )n agrostis cusickii. CastiUeja cufsickii. Castilleja ruhida. CastiUeja rustira. Draha cusickii. Eli/)inis iiitidus. Erigcroii clni/sopsidis. Erigeron mem hranaceus. Eriugon um strict ui)i. Era sera cusickii. Lappula Jiispida. Lath ijrus cusickii. Lathgrus rigidus. Lomatium cusickii. Lomati u m orega n um. Lupin us cusickii. Lupin us sahiiici. Lupin us sulphureus. Madia ramosa. Pcntstcmon cusickii. Pentstcmon venustus. Phaca cusickii. Physaria oregana. Potent ilia brcri folia. Prim ula cusickiana. Pteryj-ia focn iculacea. Pteryxia thapsoides. Quam as ia cus ick i i. Ranunculus populago. Senecio condensatus. Sitanion lati folium. To icnsoi d id (I Iji igen a. The Rocky Mountain element consists of a considerable number of species, including some genera which otherwise do not occur in Washington or Oregon. Most of these are confined to the higher granitic peaks, very fcAV occurring within Washington limits. The presence of this Rocky Mountain element is undoubtedly a direct result of immediate contiguity, though the species may have been isohited on these remote peaks for a long j^eriod. It is noteworthy that a number of the list reach the Sierra Nevada but not the Cas- cades. The species are as follows : SPECIES THAT OCCUR ALSO IN THE ROCKIES BUT NOT IN THE CASCADES. Androsace septcntrionalis. Anemone parviflora. Arahis micropliylla. Aster elegans. Aster integrifolius. Aster scopulorum. Ca rex Ji ys trie in a. Conioselinum scopulorum. ■Corallorh iza corullorh isa. Draha alpina. Draha glacialis. Erigeron armeria( folius. Erigeron coulteri. Eriogo)t um pi peri. Eritrichium eloiigatum. Galium hifoliiim. Hedysarum mackenzii. Lepidium inonta)Uim. Jjeucocrinum iimhclldtum. Ligusticum ten ui folium. Perapliyllum ramosissimum. Phaca ahoriginum. Phaca kentropliyta. Polemonium coiifertum. Pin us flexilis. Salix fcrnaldii. Senecio roiifolius. Thlaspi glauca. PIPEI -FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 73 PLANTS KNOWN TO OCCUR ONLY IN WASHINGTON. There are 158 recognized species and ])lants Avhich have thus far been found ( Washington. They are as follows: Agastach e occi(Jent(ili'<. Agropip'on flex ko"! inn. Agropyron xa.rl>:ola. Agropyron spicafiiin piibcru- lentum. Allium crenulatiiiit. Alsine wash ington knta. Ambrosia artonisiaefoJia di- rersifolla. AmelancJiicr ctiiicata. Angelica caiihyi. Antennaria con finis. Antennaria Jien'lersoni. Antennaria latisqiunna. Antennaria leiicophaea. Antennaria tonientclla. Apocynum ciliolatmn. Arabis atroru'bens. Arabis sulrvillosa sccunda. Arabis irhitrdii. Arnica betonicarfolia. Artemisia atom if era. Aster elmeri. Aster wattii. Atriplex zosteraefolia. Cacaliopsis narclosniia gla- brata. Calamagrostis incxpansa bar- bitlata. Calamagrostis langsdorfii lac- tea. Calamagrostis lirrcdyi. Campanula pi peri. Capnorea fulcrata. Capnorea villosiila. Carex ncbraskensis idtri- formis. Carex paddoensis. Castilleja angustifolia ahJire- riata. C astille }a any u x i i folia whitedii. Castilleja elmeri. Castilleja levisecta. Castilleja miniata dixonii. Castilleja crispula. Castilleja rupicola. Castilleja suksdorfiL 27 subspecies of vascular )nlv Avithin the confines of Clem a t is s ii Icsdorfi i. Coelopleurum iimritim nm. Crataegus piperi. Crrpis glareosa. Crepis rostrata. CyiKimaratliriim brandcyci. Delphinium riridescens. Del pli in ill III .nmllioleitciim. Douglasia dent a I a. DrymocaUiK yluhntiit. Epilobiiiin miritbilc. Elymitx rondi'iisiitits piibens. Ely III lis riresrcns-. Eriyeroii aureus. Erigeroii ciirrifoliiis. Erigeron leiberyii. Eriyeroii- poliosixriii »■••. Erioyiiiuim donylasii ramn- sum. Eri/jgoitum iitiniin inn. Eriogoinnti toliiiieaiiiiiii. Eriogoinnii iniihi'lliitum hypo- lei inn. Erysini mil arcnicnla. EucephuUi.s puiicicapitatns. Fragaria criiiita. Galium cyinosiiiii. Hemieca rioUirca. Hesperogcnia strirkhmdi. Heuchera glabella rnlinnbiana. Heiichera raceiwisa. Hookera bicolor. Hydastylus boreal is. Eydastyl iis hraeh yp us. Hypericum liryopli ytnni. Isoetes erliiuospurii fidtii. Isoetes mi III ma. Isoetes piperi. Junciis colinnbiaiins. Lappitla ciliata. Lappula cottoni. Lappula liendersoni. Lappula saxatiUs. Lathyrus obovatiis sti pala- ce us. Lathy r us pauciflorus tenuior. Leptotaenia watsonl. Lesquerella douglasii. 74 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. LiSaxifraga apetula. Sediim divergent!, ^enecio co)idrii!<(;1 us. Senecio elnieri. Senecio fiettii. Senecio foetidus. Senecio fraternus. Senecio vaseyi. Silene suksdorfii. Sitanion basalticola. Sit an ion. laiifoliiun. Sitamion planifoUum. Sitanion rubesccns. Solidago caiirina. Sphaeralcea longisepala. Sphacrostigma hilgardi. Sp ira ca ei.n erascens. Spiraea hendersonii. Stipa eoniata inlonsa. Stipa elnieri. Stipa thurberiana. Syniphoricarpos a cut us. Hynfliiiri-! pinna! ifida tonien- tosa. Synthyris schizantha. Talin um spinescens. Teucrium oecidentale risci- duni. Thelypodiiim streptantlioides. Therofon ma jus intermedium. Trillium crassifoUum. Vtricitlaria intermedia. Yaccinimn deUciosum. Yagncra racemosa brachys- tyla. Yalcriana eohimbiana. Yalerianella aplunioptcra. Yalerianella mamillata- Yerat um caudatnm. Veronica allenii. Yiola fiettii. Yiola trinervata. Xanthium oligacantli iini. Rainiera and Ilesperogenia, are PIPES FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. tO PLANTS WHICH PROBABLY WILL BE FOUND TO OCCUR IN WASHINGTON. The follov>i:ig- list consists of species which are known (uther to occur both in Oregon and British Cohnnbia, or else to grow within i;> kilometers (10 miles) of the Washington boundary. Most oi tlieui will prol)ably be found to occur in A^^^shington localities: Agrostis hotccUil Serihuer. Rooster Rock. Oreg. AUiiiui cH-sickii S. W;!t^'. Bluffs opposite Lewiston. Idaho. AiidroDicda polifolia Ij. Priest Lake. Idaho. Arnica aitrantincu Greene. Blue Mountains, Oreg.. and Cliilliwack, B. C. Aster cordaleiuis Ilend. Lake Cceur d'Alene, Idaho. Aster lyaUi A. Gray. Priest L.•d^e. Astrof/dlus hoirellii A. (iray. Near The Dalles, Oreg. linuhiiactis frondosa (Nutt. ) Gray. The D.-illes, Oreg. (Uirc.r interior Bailey. Chilliwaek Valley, B. C. Cliioi/cnes Jiispidiihi (L. ) Torr. & Gray. Priest Lake. Ci/perns hoiightoiii Torr. Upi)er Ferry, near I.,e\viston, Idaho. I>cli>hiniinn trolliifoliinn A. Gray. South hank of Cohnnhia below Cascades. Eriijcron hoirellii A. Gray. Near tJie ("ascades cf the ("olunihia. Oreg. Erioplioniin anf/ustifoliuni Roth. Ghilliwack Valley, P>. ('. EujHitoriian piirpiireiini L. Saturna Island, B. G. Festuca reflexa Buckl. Portland, Oreg., and Vancouver Island. Iloirclliii ai/iiutilis A. Gray. Sauries Island, Oreg., and Kootenai County, Idaho. J.epidiuni idahoense Heller. Lewiston, Idaho. Lilaea suhulata H. B. K. Oregon and Vancouver Island. Loniaiiiun donneUii Coult. & Rose. Near Lewiston, Idaho. Microsrris higelorii A. (Jray. Oregon and ^^•lncouver Island. Mimiihis cUvicoIa Greennian. Thatuna Hills, Idaho. Mimulus scouleri Hook. Tongue Point, Oreg. M it ell a stauropctala Piper. Thatuna Hills, Latah County, Idaho. Myosurus sessilis S. Wats. Near Arlington, Oreg. Onoclea strutliiopteris (L. ) Iloffni. Saturna Island, B. C. Poa invaginata Scribner & Williams. Mitchells Point. Oreg. tidlix prolixa Anders. iMouth of Fraser River. B. C. Sanicnla marilandica L. North Idaho. tSavastana maeropliylla (Thurb. ) Beal. Sauvies Island, Oreg. Scirpiis niacoiinii Hohn. Chilliwaek Valley. B. C. 8ulUvuntia orcguna Wats. Multuomah Falls, Oreg. 76 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF WASHINGTON. POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family. Indusium wanting, tlie sori naked. Son elongated, following the veins, often branched or netted. . Ceropteris (p. 76"). Sori round. Leaves pinnatiiid; sori large, on the tips of the veins Polypodium (p. 76). Leaves ternatc or twice to thrice pinnatifid; sori small, on the backs of the veins Phegopteris (p. 77) . Lidusiuni pi'csent. Sori marginal covered by the more or less modified margin of the leaf (false indusium). Sporangia on a marginal vein which connects the ends of the lateral veinlets Pteridium Cp. 78). Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected veins. False indusium continuous Pell.\ea ( p. 78). False indusium not continuous. Sporangia on the under side of the fake in- dusium - AuiANTUM ( p. 78) . Sporangia on the leaf surface l)eiieatii the false indusium Cheilanthes ( p. 79) . Sori not marginal nor covered by a false indusium. Fruit-bearing veins parallel to the midrib; sori linear. Sori nearest to the margin; leaves of two sorts Struthiopteris (79). Sori nearest to the midrib: leaves all r.like Woodwardia (p. 79). Fruit veins not parallel to the midrib; sori not linear. Sori oblong, on oblique veins. Leaves pinnate, small, firm Asplenium (p. 80). Leaves bipinnate, targe, flaccid Athyrium (p. 80). Sori round. Indusium conspicuous, peltate or reniform. Leaves firm, coriaceous; indusium peltate.. Polystichum (p. 80). Leaves membranaceous; indusium reniform. Dryopteris (p. 81). Indusium inconspicuous, not peltate or reniform. Indusium under the sorus, stellately divided. Woodsia (p. 82). Indusium hooded, fixed by a broad base. .. . Filix (p. 82). CEROPTERIS. 1. Ceropteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 29: 6.30. 1902. Gold-back ferx. GyinruMjrainnte triangularis Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 73. 1824. Gymnopteris triangularis Underw. Our Native Ferns ed. 6. 84. 1900. Type locality: "Habitat in California." Collected b}' Chamisso. Eange: British Columbia to California and Arizona. Specimens examined: San Juan Island, Gardner .392. Also reported from Eatonville, Fhtt, and from near Port Angeles. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. POLYPODIUM. Leaves leather}' ; veins more or less netted LP. scouleri. Leaves membranous; veins free. Pinnae attenuate, acute or acuminate 2. P. occidentale. Pinnae short , obtuse 3. P. hesperium. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 77 1. Polypodium scouleri llook. & Grev. Icon. Fil. 1: pi. 5G. 1829. Leather-leaf polypody. Pobipodium jxidiyphijlhnn D. C Eaton, Am. Jourii. Sci. II. 22: 138. 1856. Type locality: Not ascertained. Range: British Columbia to Calil'ornia along the coast. Speclmens examined: Granville, Canard 320: Fort Canliv. Bnnwr, Octolter 29, 1881. Zonal distribition: Hvniiid Transition. 2. Polypodium occidentale (Hook.) Maxon, Fern Bull. 12: 102. 1904. Licorice polypody. Poll/podium viilgare occidentale Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2o8. 1840. Polypodium falcatum Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 1: 20. 1854. Type locality: "On rocks and decayed wood, common near the conflvience of the Columbia with the sea." Collected by Douglas. Rance: Alaska to California in the coast region. Specimens examined: Seattle, Pipe/- 300; Port Ludlow, iJinns, August 20, 1888; Clal- lam County, Elmer 2811; Grays Harbor, Wilkes Expedition 11; Castle Rock, Piper, October 31^1901. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 3. Polypodium hesperium Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasli. 13: 200. 1900. Type locality: "In Coyote Canon, Lake Chelan, Washington." Collected by Gorman. Range: British Columbia to Montana and Arizona. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper, August, 1895; Mount Rainier, Piper, August, 1895; Stehekin, Whited 1392; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 703; without locality, Vasey 41; Cape Horn, Piper 5013, 5015; Mount Baldy, Conard 288; Kettle Falls, Beattie & Chapman 2225. Zonal distribution: Canadian to Arctic. This species is the basis for the record of Polypodium imlgare L. in Suksdorf's List. Polypodium californicum Kaulf. (Polypodium intermedium Hook. & Arn.) is reported from the Columbia River, collected by Scouler, in Hooker's Flora 2: 258. It is quite certain that there is a mistake here either as to locality or as to identity. PHEG0PTERI3. Beech fern. Plant denseU' tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid _ I. P. alpestris. Plants spreading by rootstocks; leaves triangular. Leaves bipinnatifid; rachis winged 2. P. phegopteris. Leaves ternate, the stalked divisions pinnate or l)ipinnate; rachis wingless 3. P. dryopteris. 1. Phegopteris alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 83. 185(3. Polypodium alpestre Hoppe, Taschenb. 216. 1S05. Type LOCALITY : European. Range; British Columbia to Montana and California. Europe. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lj/a// in 1859; Clallam County, Elmer 2806; Olympic Mountains, Piper, August, 1895; Mount Adams, Henderson, August 10, 1892; Mount Rainier, Piper 2111; Skagit Pass, Lake it Hull 658; Wenache region, 2,120 meters altitude, Brandegee 1222; Bridge Creek, Elmer 636. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 2. Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 20: 462. 1893. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. Polypodium phegopteris L. Sp. PI. 2:1089. 1753. Polypodium phegopteris minus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 258. 1840. Type locality; "Habitat in Europae fagetis et in \'iiginia.'' Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to Washington, Iowa, and Virginia. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined; Skamania County. Suksdorf 2035. Zonal distribution: Flumid Transition. ^8 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 3. Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. Pohjpodium dryopteris L. Sp. Fl. 2: 1093. 1753. Polypodium dri/op'eris rigidius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 259. 1840. Type locality: European. R.\nge: Alaska to Newfoundland, south to Oregon, Colorado, and Virginia. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Earner 2813; Whidby Island, Ga/r/npr 372; Port Ludlow, Binns, June 18, 1889; Silverton, Bouck in 1899; Snoqualinie, Parker, August, 1892; Skagit Pass, Lake & Hull 659; Stevens Pass, Sandberg d' Leiberg 778, Whited 1436; Horse- shoe Basin, Elmer 732; without locality, Vasey in 1889; Davis Ranch, Kreager 212, 185; lone, Kreager 404; Mount Carlton, Kreager 275. Zonal distribution: Mostly Canadian. ADIANTUM. 1. Adiaiitum pedatuni aleuticuni Rupr. Beitr. Pflanzenk. Ru.ss. Reich. 3: 49. 1845. Maiden-iiair fern. Adianturn pedatum rangiferlnuin Burgess, Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada 4"^: 11. 1SS7. Type locality: Unalaska. Range: Alaska to Quebec, south to California. Speci.mens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2809; Mount Stuart, Sandberg d- Leiberg 820: Fish Lake, Dunn, August 8, 1900; Horseshoe Basin, Lake d: Hull 661: Elmer 723; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 20^0; without locality, Vasey in 1889; Seattle, Piper. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition to Canadian. PTERIDIUM. 1. Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Uiulcrw. Our Native Ferns ed. 6. 91. 1900. Bracken. Pieris aquilirui lanuginosa Bong. .Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 176. 1832, not Pteris lanuginosa Bory 1810. Type locality: Sitka. RjVnge: Alaska to California and Arizona. Specimens examined: Fish Lake, Dunn, August, 1900; Wenache Mountains, Whited 1416; Turawater Canyon, Sandberg d' Leiberg 520: Wawawai, Beaftie, July 12, 1902; Clea- lum Lake, Cotton 1852. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition, al)undant; Arid Transition, occasional. PELLAEA. Veins manifest; leaves oblong, pinnate, the segments oblong, obtuse, not crowded 1. P. occidenfalis. Veins concealed; leaves ovate, tripinnate, the linear acute segments crowded 2. P. densa. 1. Pellaea occidentalis (E. Nelson) R^^dberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 466. 1900. Pellaea atropurpurea occidentalis E. Nelson, Fern Bull. 7: 30. 1899. Pellaea pumila Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 4. 1900. Type locality: " In a canon in the Laramie Hills," Wyoming. Range: South Dakota to Wyoming and Washington. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, 5»AWo// 2083. Zonal distribution: Doubtful. 2. Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150. 1858. Onychium densum Brack, in Wilkes Exped. 16: 120. t. 13. 1854. Type locality: "Oregon, on the banks of Rogue's River." Range: British Columbia to Wyoming and California. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2810: Mount Stuart, Elmer 1105; Sand^ berg d' Leiberg 821; Stehekin River, Whited 1385; Blue Mountains, Horner 526; without locality, Vasey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Probably lludsonian. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 79 CHEILANTHES. Leaf-blades glabrous al)Ove, bipinnate; ultimate segments mostly entire. . ]. ('. r/raciUima. Leaf-blades pubescent above, tripinnate or tripinnatifid: ultimate seg- ments mostly crenate - 2. ( '. Jrn. 1. Cheilanthes graciUima D. C. Eaton, Bot. Mex. Bound. 234. 1859. Lace fern. Type locality: "Cascade Mountains of Oregon at 7,000 feet altitude, lat. 44°." Collected by Newberry. R.\nge: British Columbia to Idaho and California. Specimens ex.\mined: Clallam County, Elmer 2814; Olympic Mountains, Piper 1054; Mount Adams, SvlsJorf 521 ; Mount Stuart, Brandegee 1211: Stehekin River, Whifed 1384; Lake Chelan, Whiied 1396: Bridge Creek, Elmer 6(50; without locality, Vasey 37, 38. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition to Hudsonian. 2. Cheilanthes feei Moore, Index Fil. 38. 1857. M>jriopteris gracirts Fee, Gen. Fil. 150. 1850-52. Cheilanthes lanuginosa Nutt.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 99. 1858. Cheilanthes gracilis Mett. Abb. Senck. Nat. Gesell. 3: 80. 1859-61, not Kaulf. Type locality: "Habitat ad rupes circa Hillsboro, in America septentr.'" Range: British Columbia to Illinois, south to Arizona and Texas. Specimens examined: Almota, Piper 1768, 1884. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. CRYPTOGRAMMA. 1. CryptogTamma acrostichoides R. Br. in Richards. Bot. App. 367. 1823. Type locality: "In shady rock}" woods, between lat. 56° and 60° north. (First found by Mr. Menzies at Nootka Sound.)" Range: Alaska to the Great Lakes, Colorado, and California. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Mmfr 2807; Mount Rainier, Pfpcr, August, 1895; Flelt, July, 1895; Mount Stuart, Sandberg c& Leiberg, August 1, 1893; Skagit Pass, Lalse c& Hull 660; Stampede Tunnel, Henderson, July 27, 1892; Stevens Pass, Sandberg c& Leiberg 781 ; mountains north of Ellensburg, Brandegee 1209; Lake Chelan, Whited 1390; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 734; Davis Lake, ffrra^gr, August, 1902; without locality, T'or.yey in 1889; Stehekin, Griffiths & Cotton 235; Cape Horn, Piper 5006, 4978. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian and Canadian. STRUTHIOPTERIS. 1. Struthiopteris spicant (L.) Weiss, PI. Crypt. 287. 1770. Deer fern. Osmunda spicant L. Sp. PI. 2: 1066. 1753. Lomaria spicant Desv. Mag. Gesell. Xaturf. Fr. Berlin 5: 325. 1811. Blechnum doodioides Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 263. 1840. Ty'pe LOCALITY': " Habitat, in Europa. " Range: Alaska to California. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2803; Port Ludlow, Binns, August 20, 1889; Seattle, Piper, September, 1898; Stevens Pass, Sandberg cfc Leiberg 774; without locality, Vasey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. WOODWARDIA. 1. Wobd-wardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Mem. Acad. Brux. 15^: 64. 1842. Woodwardia chantissoi Brack, in Wilkes Exped. 16: 138. 1854. Type locality: Near Mount Orizaba, Mexico. Range: British Columbia to Cahfornia, Arizona, and Mexico. Specimens examined: Steilacoom, Flett in 1902. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 80 CONTEIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. ASPLENIUM. Sori curved; leaves flaccid, hipinnate, 0.5 to 1 m. long 1. A. cycJosoram. Sori straight; leaves firm, 6 to 20 cm. long, simply pinnate. Rachis brown ; leaf segments oval 2. A. trichoinane!^. Rachis green : leaf segments ovate 3. A. viride. 1. Asplenium trichomanes L. Sp. PI. 2: 1080. 1753. Spleenwort. Type LocALrrv: European. Range: Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to Arizona, Texas, and Alabama. Specimens examined: Snocjualmie Falls, Parker, August, 1892; Snoqualmie, TJind- shaw; East Seattle, Hindshaw; west Klickitat County, iS'wZ.-.sfi'o?/ 1228; Cape Horn, Piper 4971; Quinault, Conard 220; Kirkland, Witlenmyer. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 2. Asplenium viride Huds. Fl. Angl. 385. 1762. Type locality: "Habitat in rupibus humidis in comitatibus Eboracensi et Westmor- landica," England. Range: Alaska to Oregon, Colorado, and Vermont. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Wenache Region, Brandegee 1216; near Mount Baker, FJelt. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian or Arctic. ATHYRIUM. 1. Athyrium cyclosorum Rupr. Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. 3: 41. 1845. Type locality: " Petropawlowsk! et Unalaschka! Kadiak!" Range: Alaska to Nebraska and California. Kamchatka. Specimens examined: Olympia, Henderson, August 23, 1892: Stehekin, Whlted 1387; Stevens Pass, Sandberg d; Leiberg 771; Skagit Pass, Lake ci' Hull, August 24, 1892; with- out locality, Vasey in 1889; Clarks Springs, Kreager 34. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition to Canadian. This species has commonly been referred to A. Jilix-foem,ina (L.) Roth, from which it appears amply distinct. POLYSTICHUM. Leaves simply j)innate. L;-al-stalk short; segments ti'iangular or liroudly lance- olate 1 . P. hnchitis. Leaf-stalk long: segments linear-lanceolate. Leaves 60 to 90 cm. long, the segments not over- lapping 2. P. viun Iturn . Leaves about 30 cm. long, the segments overlapping.. 2a. P. munifum imhricans. Leaves hipinnate or bipinnatifid. Sori few ; leaves hipinnate at base . 3. P. Jernmoni. Sori numerous; leaves bipinnatifid at base . 4. P. scopvlinuni . 1. Pclysticlium loiichitis (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 3: 71. 1800. Holly fern. Pohjpodhnn lonchilis L. Sp. PI. 2: 1088. 1753. Aspidhim hnchitis Sw. Schrad. Journ. Hot. 1800-: 30. 1801. Type locality: "Habitat in alpinis Helvetiae, Baldi, Arvoniae, Monspelii, Virginiae. " Range: Subarctic regions southward to California, Colorado, and Wisconsin. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper, August, 1895; Mount Rainier, Piper, August, 1895; Goat Mountains, Allen, August 5, 1895; Skamania County, Suksdorf 20.56; mountains near Ellensburg, Brandegee 1220; Fish Lake, Dunn, August 8, 1900; Bridge Creek, Elmer 659. Zonal distribution: Arctic and Hudsonian. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 81 2. Polysticnum munitum (^Kaulf. ) Piesl, Tent. Pterid. S3. 183(3. Aspidium munitum Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 23(j. 1824. Type locality: " Habitat in California. " Collected hy Chaniisso. Range: Alaska to Idaho and California. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2808; Montesano, Heller 4035; Seattle, Piper, December, 1893; head of Twisp River, Whited 38; Blue Mountains, Piper, July, 1896. Zonal distribution: Iliunid Transition. 2a. Polystichum munitum im.bricans (D. C. Eaton) Maxon, Fern Bull. 8: 30. 1900. Aspidium munitum imhricans D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. 1: 188. 1879. Type locality: "In Plumas County" and "at Red Mountain, Mendocino County," California. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Clallam County, £/mf/' 2815; Feshnstin, Sandhery d' Leiberg,Ju\y, 1893; Lake Chelan, Whited 1382; Horseshoe B&s'm, Lake d; Hull 662; Tumwater Canyon, Sandherg d^ Leiherg 517; without locality, Vasey in 1889; Lake Chelan, Gorman 641. Zonal distribution: Canadian or Hudsonian. 3. Polystichum lemm.oni Underw. Our Native Ferns, ed. 6. 116. 1900. Type LOc.^LirY: "'Near Mt. Shasta, California." Range: Alaska to California. Specimens examined: Mount Stuart, Elmer 1114; Sandtferg d- Leiherg 812; Brandegee 1219. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 4. Polystichum. scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon, Fern Bull. 8: 29. 1900. Aspidium aculeatum scopulinum D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 2: 125. 1880. Type locality: "In the L^pper Teton Canon in Eastern Idalio." Range: Washington and Idaho to Califoi-nia. Specimens examined: Mount Stuart, Elmer 1113; Mount Adams, Hemlcrson in 1883; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer IQl; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 2084; Eatonville, Flett. Zonal distribution: Canadian to IIud.sonian. Flett's Eatonville specimens were referred to P. californicum (D. C. Eaton j Underw., but that species is not known to occur in Washington. DRYOPTERIS. Veins simple or once forked: leaves glandular \. D. oreopferis. Veins freely forking. Indusia with marginal glands 2. D. spinulosa dilatata. Indusia without marginal glands 3. D.Jilix-mas. 1. Dryopteris oreopteris (Sw.) Maxon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 638. 1901. Aspidium oreopteris Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800-: 35. 180(3. Polypodium montanum Vogler, Dissert. Polyp. Mont. 1781, not Lam. 1778. Type locality: European. Range: Alaska to Washington. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Bridge Creek, Elmer 671. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian. 2. Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Our Native Ferns ed. 4: 116. 1893. Wood fern. Polypodium dilataium HolTm. Deutsch. Fi. 2: 7. 1795. Aspidium spinulosum dilataium Hook. Biit. Fl. 444. 1830. Type locality: Germany. Range: Alaska to Labrador, soutli to California, Montana, and Virginia. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2804; Montesano, Heller 3919; Samish 29418—06 m 6 OJ CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Lake, Sulsdorf 1029: Lake Ciishman, Henderson 1206; Tacoma, Fhtt 140, 141; Skoko- mish Valley, Kincaid, May 17, 1892; Bridge Creek, Elmer 670; without locality Vasey 1889. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 3. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834. Male fern. Poly podium filix-mas L. Sp. PI. 2: 1090. 1753. Aspidium. Jilix-mas Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800-: 38. ISOl. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae sylvis." Range: Ala.ska to Labrador, south to California, Michigan, and Nova Scotia. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, iS'i/tsrfo// 1230. Zonal distribution : Humid Transition. FILIX. 1. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Our Native Ferns ed. 6. 119. 1900. Bladder fern. Pohjpodium fragile L. Sp. PI. 2: 1091. 1753. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Schrad. Neu. Journ. Bot. 1-: 27. 1806. Type locality: European. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to California, Kansas, and Georgia. Specimens EXAMiNEb: Clallam County, Elmer 2812; Mount Rainier, Piper, August 12, 1889, 2106; upper Nacbes River, Henderson, June 15, 1892; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1219; Stampede Pass, Henderson, July 26, 1892; Egbert Springs, Sandberg & Leiherg 351; We- nache Mountains, Whited 1075 ; Waitsburg, Horner 260 ; without locality, Vasey 49 ; Almota, Piper, May 2, 1897. Zonal distribution : Transition to Arctic. WOODSIA. Leaves viscid-pubei-ulent ; lobes of the indusiuni broader at base I. W . scopulina. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; lobes of tlie indusium hair-like 2. li'. oreyami. 1. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. H. 2: 90. 1865. Type locality: "Rock}- Mountains near 40° north latitude. Parry, Hall and Harbour; Columbia River, Brackenridge; Frazer River, near 49° north latitude, Mrs. John Miles." Range: Alaska to Ontario, Colorado, and California. Specimens examined: Ellensburg foothills, Elmer 418; White Salmon, Suksdorf in 1879; Wenache River, Brandegee 1224; Rainbow Falls, Whiied 1407; Stehekin, Whited 1391; Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lva//.' Spokane, Dora/f,- without locality, Fflse?/ in 1889; Cape Horn, Piper 4975. Zonal distribution: Transition, mo.stly arid. 2. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. H. 2: 90. 1865. Woodsia ohtusa lyallii Hook. S3m. Fil. 48. 1868. Type locality: " Dalles of the Columbia Rivei-, Major Raines; Rocky Mountains near 40° north latitude. Hall and Harbour.'' Range: British Columbia to the Great Lakes, south to California, Arizona, and Nebraska. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Suksdorf, September, 1877, Rattlesnake Moun- tains, Cotton 422; Coulee City, Piper 3850; between Coulee City and Waterville, Spillman, May 27, 1896; Sprague, Henderson, May 30, 1892: Pullman, Piper 1734; witliout locality, Vasey in 1889; Davis Ranch, Ereager 218; near Spokane, /irea^e/' 171; Coulee City, Piper 3850; Republic, Beattie & Chapman 2258. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 8o OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Sterile portion of leaf simple, entire : veins netted Ophioglossum. Sterile portion of leaf pinnately divided or conipoinid : veins free Botryciiium. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Sp. PI. 2: 1062. 1753. Adder's tongue. Type locality: " Habitat in Eiuopae pratis sylvaticis." Range: Washington to Arizona, Texas, and Maine. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Skamania County, Suksdorf, June 26, 1895; Falcon Valley, S uJcsdorf 121S. Zonal distribution: Ihunid Transition. BOTRYCHIUM. Grape fern. Bud in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem: leaves thin, ternate, then pinnately much divided 1. B. virginianum. Bud inclosed in the base of the stalk. Sterile portion of leaf arising near the base of the rather large plant. 2. B silaifolium. Sterile portion of leaf arising near the middle of the usually small plant. Green part of leaf oblong, its segments fan-shaped. Segments truncate at base, overlapping 3. B. lunaria. Segments cuneate at base, distant A. B. ononJagense. Green part of leaf triangidar or ovate, the segments not fan- shaped. Segments lanceolate, acute; niidvein continuous 5. B. lanceolatuin. Segments oblong-ovate, obtuse; midvein dissipated 6. B. neglectum. 1. Botrychium virginianum (L.) S\v. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800-: 111. 1801. Osmunda v'trgbdana L. Sp. PI. 2: 1064. 1753. Ty'pe locality: '"Habitat in America." Range: British Columbia to Labrador, south to Washington, Arizona, Texas, and Florida. Specimens examined: Seattle, Piper 906. Zonal distribution: Transition. 2. Botrychiuni silaifolium Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 76. 1825. Botrychium occidentale Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 26: 538. 1898. Type locality: "Hab. in Nootka-Sound." Range: British Columbia and Washington. Specimens exa^mined: Lake Cushman, Henderson 18.52; Seattle, Tarleton, July, 1894;- Piper, October, 1892; Lake Wenache, Sandherg d' Leiherg 6.39; Usk, Krenger 360; Lake Chelan, Elmer, September, 1897. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. This species appears in Suksdorf's List as Botrychium ternatuin Swartz. 3. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800-: 110. 1801. Osmunda lunaria L. Sp. PI. 2: 1064. 1753. Type locality: European. Range: Washington to Colorado and Labrador and northward. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Smith, Octohev, 1888; Mount Adams, (S'«A-S(/o//, July 11, 1886. ZoN.A.L distribution: Arctic. The Mount Adams specimen is the l)asis for the inclusion oi Botrychium simplex Hitch- cock in Suksdorf's List. 84 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 4. Botrychiuni onondagense Underw. Bull. Torr. Clul) 30: 47. 1903. Type locality: Near Split Rock, Syracuse, New York. Range: Washington, Mo::ta::a, Michigan, and New York. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains at foot of Mount Steele, Piper 928. Zonal distribution: Doubtful. 5. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Ginel.) Angs. Bot. Notiser 1854: 68. 1854. Osmunda lanceolata S. G. Gmel. Nov. Comm. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 12: 51G. 1768. Type locality: European. Range: Washington to Colorado, Pennsylvania, and northward. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Foot of Mount Rainier, Allen, August 2, 1899. Zonal distribution: Probably Canadian. 6. Botrycliiuin neglectum Wood, Classbook Bot. 635. 1847. Type locality: "Growing in woods, Meriden, N. H." Range. Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to Washington, South Dakota, and Maryland. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Sutsf/o;/ 1220. MARSILEACEAE. MARSILEA. 1. MarsHea vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pJ. 159. 1832. Type locality "Ad flumaen Columbiam, ora occidentali Americae Septentrionalis." Range: British Columbia to Kansas and Arizona. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, SuJcsdorf 227; opposite mouth of Wenache River, Waisoii 470; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 119; Columbia River Valley, Brandegee 1225; Wenache, Whited 1426; Pasco, Himhhaw 35; Lake Chelan, Lake <& Hull 657; Pull- man, Piper 1736; Henderson 2431; Wmota., Piper, September 9, 1896; Sentinel Bluffs, Cotton 1347. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition. SALVINIACEAE. AZOLLA. 1. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 541. 1810. Type locality: "Hab. in aquis Carolinae." Range: British Columbia to Ontario, south to Florida and Mexico. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, Sj/Zrsrfor/" 1216. - Zonal distribu'"ion: Upper Sonoran. EQUISETACEAE. - EQTJISETITM. Horsetail. Stems evergreen, perennial; spike tipped with a rigid point. Plant tall and stout; stems many-grooved, 0.5 to 2 meters high. Stems rough-tuberculate, dark green I.E. Jiyemale. Stems smooth, pale 2. E. laevigatum. Plants tufted, slender; stems 5 to 10-grooved. Sheaths 5 to 10-toothed; stems hollow "i.E. variegatuni. Sheaths 3-toothed ; stems solid 4. £. scirpoides. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 85 Stems annual; spikes not mucronatc. Fertile stems pale-brown, short-lived; sterile with man}- branches. Stems slender, 6 to lO-furrowed 5. E. arvense. Stems stout, 20 to 40-furrowed 6. E. tdmateia. Fertile stems green like the sterile, naked or branched. Stems obscurely ridged ; sheaths appressed 7. E.jiuviatile. Stems acutely ridged : sheaths loose 8. £■. palustre. 1. Equisetum hyemale L. Sp. PI. 2: 1062. 1753. Scouring rush. Type locality: "Plabitat in Europae sylvis, asperis, uliginosis." Range: British Columbia to New England, south to California and Georgia. Europe. Asia. Specimens exajMined: West Klickitat County, S u]c-.f. Erect shrubs or trees; leaves of two forms. Leaves ver}- resinous, dark green 2. J. occidentalis. Leaves not resinous, often glaucous' 2>. J . scopitJorum. 1. Juniperus communis sibirica (Burgsd.) Ilydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 533. 1896. .Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Anleit. Holz. no. 272. 1787. Juniperus communis alpina Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 276. 1812. Juniperus communis montana Ait. Hort. Kew 3: 414. 1788. Type locality: Siberia. Range: Arctic regions, soutli in the mountains to California, Colorado, and Maine. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 2487; Stevens Pass, Sandberg dc Leiherg 768; Mount Rainier, Piper 2099; Loomis, Elmer 600; Mount Adams, Henderson, August, 1892. Zonal distribution: Arctic or rarely lower. Common in tlie mountains at from 900 to 2,100 meters elevation. Hooker refers Tolmie's Mount Rainier specimens to J. communis L., but they belong to the above subspecies. 2. Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor. \n\. 2: 166. 1839. Western juniper. Type locality: "Common on the higher parts of the Columbia, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it attains a height of 60-80 feet, and a diameter of 2-3 feet." Collected by Douglas. Range: Washington to Nevada and California. Specimens examined: Near Eltopia, Cotton 1022 in 1903. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. This is the only known station for the western juniper north of Oregon. The exact place is locally known as Ryegrass Coulee or Juniper Canyon, some 30 miles southwest of Kahlo- tus and near Fishhook Ferry on Snake River. Tiie junipers occur in scattering groves on the floor of the coulee, tlie largest groves being al)out 100 acres in extent. None of the trees are ov<'r 7 meters high. 3. Juniperus scopulorum Sargent, Gard. & For. 10: 420. 1897. Rocky Mountain juniper. Type loc.vlity: Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. ' Range: Vancouver Island eastward to Montana and south in the Rocky .Mountains to Arizona; also in the Black Hills. Specimens examined: Orcas Island, Heiulerson, July, 1892; Sucia Island, Randolph, October, 1892; Wenache, Whiied 1001; Sandberg cfc Leiberg, July, 1893; near Lake Chelan, Lnle d' Hull 631; Spokane, Henderson, July, 1892; Piper, September, 1896; Peshastin, Sarulberg d- Leiberg 471: without locality, Vasey 58, Olympic Mountains, Elmer 2488; lone, Kreager 407; Fidalgo Island, F/eW 2116; Sentinel Blufl's, f'oWon 1359; Everett, Piper, PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 91 Zonal distribution: Mostly Atid Transition, but also Upper Sonoran. It also reap- pears in the Humid Transition in northwest ^Vashington. There is some doubt as to whether the form found in western Washington is identical with that of the interior. Better and more copious material is needed to determine the point definitely. CHAMAECYPARIS. 1. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach, Hist. Veg. 11: 333. 1842. Alaska cedar. Yellow cedar. Cupnssus nootkatensis Lambert, Gen. Pir.us 2: 18. 1824. Chaniaecyjxiris nutkaensis Spach, Hist. \"eg. 11: 333. 1842. Type locality: Nootka Sound. Range: Alaska south to Mount .lell'erson. Oregon, mainly in the Cascade and Coast Mountains: perhaps in north Idaho. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper in 1890: Henderson 2047; Elmer 2481: Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 854; Skagit Pa.ss, Lake d' Ibill 632: Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall in 1859; Stevens Pass, Sandherg d' Leiberg 796: Mount Rainier, Piper 2103: Allen 207; Goat Mountains, Allen 207a. Zonal distkibution : Hudsoniau. THUJA. 1. Thuja plicata Donn, Hort. Cantab, ed. 6.249. 1811. Giant cedar. Thuja gigantea Xutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: 52. 1834. Type locality: Nootka Sound. Collected by Menzies. Range: Southern Alaska to northern California, eastward to Montana, and south to the Salmon River, Idaho. Specimens examined: Seattle, Piper 599; Olympia, Henderson, April, 1892; Port Lud- low, Binns, September 9, 1890; Nisqually Valley, Allen 304; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf AS)^; Skagit Pass, Lake dc Hull 637: Peshastin, Sandherg d' Leiberg 483: Colville, Lyall in 1860; without locality, Vasey 63; Olympic Mountains, Elmer 2484; Stehekin, Whiied 1407. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition mainly. For illustration of a giant cedar forest see frontispiece. PINTJS. Leaves 5 in each fascicle; scales of the cones unarmed. Cones oblong-cylindric, 10 to 30 cm. long 1 . P. monticola. Cones ovate or globose, 4 to 8 cm. long 2. P. albicaulis. Leaves less than 5 in each fascicle; scales of the cones armed. Fascicles containing 3 leaves; cones large 3. P. ponderosa. Fascicles containing 2 leaves: cones small 4. P. contorta. 1. Pinus monticola Dougl. in Lambert, Dcsc. Gen. Pinus ed. 2. 3: 27. i. 87. 1837. Western white pine. Type locality: Not ascertained. Range: Southern British Columbia, south to central California, eastward to western Montana. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper, August, 1895: Elmer 2485; Port Ludlow, Binns; Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall in 1860: Horseshoe Basin, Okanogan County, Elmer 862; Skagit Pass, Lake d- Hull, August 24. 1892: Nisqually \'alley, Allen 315; without locality, Vasey 51. Zonal distribution: Mainly^ Canadian. In Hooker's Flora our species was mistaken for its eastern relative P. strobus. 2. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 2: 209. 1868. White-bark pine. Pinus cembroides Zucc. err. det. Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep. 6: 44. 18.57. 92 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Type locality: Cascade Mountains, Oregon, about latitude 44°. Collected by Newbeirv. Range: British Columbia, south in the Cascades and Sierras to San Bernardino County, California, eastward to western Montana and to the Blue Mountains. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Pipfr 2095; Smith 1089; Mount Adams, //erwZer- son, August 9, 1892. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian. In Lyall's report this pine is erroneously referred to as P. fexilis James. 3. Pinus po nderosa Dough; Lawson, Man. Agr. 55.^. 1836. Yell ow fixe . Blll pine. Type locality: Washington, on the Spokane River. Collected by Douglas. "" ' Range: British Columbia to South Dakota, southward to Texas and New Mexico. Specimens examined: Wenache Mountains, Whited 1351, 1356; Steamboat Rock, Grand Coulee, McKay 19. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition, but occasional in the Upper Sonoran. This is the common forest tree of eastern Washington. West of the Cascade Mountains it occurs locally on the gravelly prairies, as near Hillhurst. For illustrations of yellow- pine forests see Plates XIV and XV, facing pages 49 and 50. 4. Pinus contorta Dough: Loudon, Arb. Frut. 4: 2292. /. 2210, 2211. 1838. Shore pine. Lodgepole pine. Pinus murrayana Balf. in Murray, Rep. Bot. Exp. Oregon t. 3.f. 2. 1853. Pinus contorta hendersoni Lemmon, Erythea 2: 176. 1894. Pinus tenuis Lemmon, Erythea 6: 77. 1898. Type locality: "In North-West America, in swampy ground near the sea coast; and abundantly near Cape Disappointment and Cape Lookout.'' Collected by Douglas. Range: Alaska to California and Idaho. Specimens examined: Westport, fleZZer3946; Mount Rainier, ^l/Zf^n 308; Mount Adams, Suhsdorf, September 28, 1896; Wenache Mountains, Elmer 474; Whited 1356; McAllisters Lake, Henderson, June 22, 1895; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf, September 29, 1896, and 1259; Pend Oreille River, Li/a// in 1861: without locality, Vasen'm 1889: Blue Mountains, Piper, July 31 , 1896. Zonal distribution: Transitional to Canadian. This pine is very variable and by some botanists considered to consist of two species. The typical P. contorta of Douglas is the scrubby tree so common along the ocean coast near the shore. Away from the coast it occurs either in sterile gravelly soil or in sphagnum bogs. It is usually a small tree, but occasional examples are met 90 cm. in diameter and 30 meters or more high. East of the Cascade Mountains it forms the " lodgepole pine," Pinus murrayana of some botanists. This ordinarily forms dense forests, often of considerable area, in nearly pure growth, the trees being very uniform in size, 20 or 25 cm. in diameter and 18 to 22 meters high. But occasional specimens are found 90 cm. in diameter and 45 meters high. If there are any characters by which contorta and murrayaim may be distinguished botan- ically, they remain to be pointed out. None of the slight differences heretofore relied upon are at all constant. Some of the earlier botanical writers referred to our tree erroneously as Pinus inops Sol. or Pinus hanhsiana Lamb. LARIX. Alpine tree ; branchlets and bud scales woolly I. L. lyallii. Subalpine tree; branchlets and bud scales glabrous 2. L. occidentalis. 1. Larix lyallii Pari. Enum. Sem. Hort. Reg. Mus. Flor. 259. 1863. Woolly larch. Type locality: "Cascade Mountains et Gallon Ranges Rocky Mountains, latitudinis 49° ad 2100 et 2300 m." Collected by Lyall. Range: Mountains of British Columbia, south to Mount Hood, Oregon, and to the Lolo Pass, Idaho. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON'. 93 Specimens examined: Mount Stuart, Brandegee, July, 1883; Cascade Mountains, lati- tude 49°, LyaZZin I860: North Fork Bridge Creek, Elmer, September, 1S97: Wenache Mountains, Whited 1352. Zonal distribution: Iludsoaian. One of our rarest conifers, most plentiful on the Wenache Mountains and northwai'd. 2. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Sylva 3: 143. /. 120. 1849. Western larch. Type locality: "In the coves of the Kocky Mountains on the western slope toward the Oregon." Collected by Nuttall. Range: Cascade Mountains of British Columbia and AVashington eastward to Montana and south to the Blue Mountains. Specimens examined: Upper Naches River, Henderson, June 10, 1892; Mount Adams, Suksdorf 2\2; Columbia River, latitude 46° to 49°, Lyall in 1860; Blue Mountains, Pi-pcr, August 2, 1896; Kamiak Butte, Elmer 812. Zonal distribution: Mainly Canadian. ABIES. Cones with conspicuous reflexed bracts 1 . ^4. nohilis. Cones with the bracts concealed. Leaves notched at apex, usually spreading horizontally on the branches ; cones green 4. A. grandis. Leaves not notched at apex, mostly acute, not horizontally spread- ing; cones purple. Alpine tree; cones puberulent, 5 to 7 cm. long 2. ^4. lasiocarpa. Subalpine tree; cones not puberulent, 7 to 10 cm. long 3. ^4. amabilis. 1. Abies nobilis Lindl. Penn. Cycl. 1: 30. 1833. Noble fir. Type locality: Collected by Douglas on high mountains, Oregon, near the Cascades of the Columbia. Range: Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; Olympic Mountains. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Allen 314: Piper in 1889; Mount Baker, John- son; Soleduck River, Olympic Mountains, Sargent. Zonal distribution: Canadian or Iludsonian. 2. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Sylva 3: 138. 1849 Alpine fir. Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 163. 1842. Abies suhal'pina Engelm. Am. Nat. 10: 555. 1876. Type locality: "Interior of N. W. America." Collected by Douglas. Range: Alaska southward in the mountains to Oregon and Colorado. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper in 1890: Cascade Mountains, lati- tude 49°, Lyali in 1860; Goat Mountains, Allen 312; Blue Mountains, Piper, July 31, 1896: Mount Rainier, Piper 2101. Zonal distribution: Arctic. The Olympic Mountains form of this species often has exserted bracts to the cones. The form on the Blue Mountains has much larger cones than that occurring on Mount Rainier. For illustrations of this species see Plate XVII, facing page 60. 3. Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, Pinetum Wob. 125, /. 44- 1839. Amabilis fir. Picea amabilis Dougl.: Loudon, Arb. Frut. 4: 2342. 1838. Type locality: Collected l)v Douglas on high mountains, Oregon, near the Cascades of the Columbia. Range: British Columbia, south in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon: also in the Olympic Mountains. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper in 1895; Mount Rainier, Allen 313; Piper in 1888. 94 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Zonal distribution: Canadian. Mr. Suksdorf informs me that the Abies magnifica Murr. ? of his list is probably only A. amahilis. 4. Abies grandis Lindl. Penn. Cycl. 1: 30. 1833. White fir. Type locality: Not ascertained. Range: British Columbia south to northern California, eastward to Montana and the Blue Mountains, Oregon. Specimens examined: East Sound, Henderson, July 3, 1892; Port Ludlow, Bums, September 3, 1890; Tacoma, Flett, April 20, 1897: upper Xisqually Valley, Allen 311; Skagit Pass, Lake d- Hull, August, 1892; Cascade Mountains, Lyall, July, 1860; Blue Mountains, Piper, Juh', 1897. Zonal distribution: Transition and Canadian. ' The tree recorded from near Mount Rainier by Plummer as Abies concolor (Gord.) Parry is probably an erroneous identification of a form of A. grandis. PSETJDOTSUGA. 1. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf. ) .Sudw. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 266. 1895. Red fir. Douglas spruce. Abies mucronata Raf. Atl. Jouru. 120. 1832. Abies douglasii Lindl. Penn. Cycl. 1: 32. 1833. Pseudotsuga douglasii Carr. Trait. Conif. nouv. ed. 256. 1867. Pseudotsuga taxifolia Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8: 74. 1889. Type locality: Mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon. Range: Alaska and British America, latitude 5-5°, south to southern California, Arizona, and western Te.xas. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 2480; Nisqualiy ^'alley, Allen 209; head of Grand Coulee, McKay 23; Kamiak Butte, Elmer 811. Zonal distribution: Mainly Humid Transition. The commonest tree of the State, making up the l)ulk of the forest west of the Cascade Mountains and common in eastern Washington in the upper part of the yellow pine zone. For illustration of a red fir forest see Plate VII, facing page 36. TSUGA. Lowland tree; cones 1 to 2 cm. long 1. T. heterophylla. Alpine tree ; cones 5 to 7 cm. long 2. T. mertensiana. 1. Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Silva N. A. 12: 73. 1898. Western hemlock. Abies heterophylla Raf. Atl. Journ. 119. 1832. Type locality: Mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon. Range: Alaska to northern California and western Montana. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 2482; Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 710; Seattle, Piper, September, 1896; Chambers Lake, Henderson, August 23, 1892; Port Ludlow, Binns, September, 1890; Nisqualiy Valley, Allen 305; Yakima Pass, Watson 384; Lake Keechelus, Henderson, July 26, 1892. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition and Canadian. In Cooper's report and other early botanical works this hemlock was referred to the eastern T. canadensis. For illustration of a hemlock forest see Plate XVI, facing page 58. 2. Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Trait. Conif. nouv. ed. 250. 1867. Black hemlock. Pinus mertensiana Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 45. 1832. Abies pattoniana Jeffrey, Rep. Bot. Exp. Oregon. 1853. Tsuga pattoniana Engelm. in Wats. Bot. C\\\. 2: 121. 1880. Tsuga hookenana Carr. Trait. Conif. nouv. ed. 252. 1867. Type locality: Sitka. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 95 Range: Alaska to California and Montana. Specimens examined: Olympic ilountains, Henderson, August 9, 1892; Elmer 2483; Mount Rainier, Piper, August, 1895; Allen 306; Mount Adams, Henderson, August 9, 1892; Skagit Pass, Lake cC' Hull, August 24, 1892; Bridge Creek, Elmer 871, September, 1897. Zonal DISTRIBUTION: Hudsonian. PICEA. Leaves flattened; sea-coast tree 1. P. sitchensis. Leaves quadrangular: subalpine tree 2. P. engelmanni. 1. Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Traut. & Meyer, Fl. Ochot. 87. 1856. Sitka spruce. Punis sitchensis Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 164. 1832. Abies menziesii Lindl. Penn. Cycl. 1: 32. 18.33. Type locality: Sitka. Range: Along the coast from Alaska to northern California. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 2489; Hoquiam, Lamb 1075; Seattle, Piper in 1885. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. A very abundant tree along the ocean coast, but only locally plentiful on Puget Sound. 2. Picea engelmanni Parry in Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 212. 1863. Engelmann spruce. Picea Columbiana Lemmon, Gard. c^c F(jr. 10: 183. 1897. Type locality: "Higher parts of the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the head- waters of the Columbia and Missouri rivers." R.ange: British Columbia, .southward to Ai-izona in the Rocky Mountains, and in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Specimens examined: Wenacho, Elmer i7'S\ Blue Mountains, PZ/v/-, July 31, 1896; east side Cascade Mountains, Lyall; without localit}', Vasey 64. Zonal distribution: Mainly Canadian. The Klickitat County specimens considered by Suksdorf to represent Picea pungens Engelm. and so listed seem rather to Ijc P. engelmanni. TYPHACEAE. TYPHA. 1. Typha latifolia. L. Sp. PI. 2: 971. 1753. " Cattail. Type locality: "Habitat in paludibus Europae." Range: Throughout the northern hemisphere except the Arctic regions. Specimens examined: Samish Lake, Suksdorf 1007; Rock Lake, Lake cfc Hull 627; Pullman, Piper, July 15, 1901; Cow Creek, Griffiths & Cotton 532: Stehekm, Griffiths d; Cotton 226; Prosser, Cotton 740. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Transition. The cattail is exceedingly common about lakes and marshes in western Washington and scarcely less so in eastern Washington. Botanical specimens of it are, however, seldom gathered. SPARGANIACEAE. SPARGANITJM. Bur reed. Inflorescence branching. Fruits stalked 1 . S. ennicarpum. Fruits sessile 2. N. androcladum. 96 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Inflorescence simple. Stems erect 3. .S'. simplex. Stems floating. Nutlets fusiform, dariv, 4 mm. Ion"; 4. iS'. a nyusti folium. Nutlets oblong, obovate, 2 to 3 mm. long 5. <9. minimum. 1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 4.30. 1856. Type locality: "Borders of ponds, etc., common northward and especially westward." Range: British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to California, Utah, and Virginia. Specimens examined: Kalispel Lake, Kreager 488, a doubtful .specimeiL Zonal distribution: Transition. 2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong, Bull. Torr. C]ul> 15: 78. 1888. Sparganium .simplex androcladum Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 481. 1867. Type locality' "From New England southward and e.specially westward." Range: British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to Texas and Florida. Specimens examined: NearMontesano, Heller 3865; Seattle, Piper 713; Tacoma, Fhif 151 : Puyallup, Piper, September 2, 1899; Rock Lake, Lai- e <& Hull GSO; Touchet RWer, Horner 20. Zonal distribution: Transition. This species was referred to in Cooper's Report as S. ramosum Smith. 3. Sparganium simplex Iluds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 401. 1778. Type lo('ality: "Circa Norwich," England. Range: British Columbia to Labrador, south to California and Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1859; Seattle, Smith 712; Pe- shastin, Sandberg dfc Leiherg 600; Lake Keechelus, /7e7i(/er,'.'0?i, July, 1892; without locality, Vasey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Transition. 4. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Fl. 2: 189. 1803. Sparganium simple.r arigii.stifoHum Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 481. 1867. Type locality: "Hab. in amnibus Canadao." Range: British Columbia to California, east to Ontario and New York. Specimens examined: Without locality, Va.sey iu 1889. Zonal distribution: Transition. 5. Sparganium mininium Fries, Sum. Veg. 2: 560. 1846. Type locality: Scandinavian. Range: British Columbia to New Brunswick, south to Oregon, Utah, and Pennsylvania. Europe. Specimens ex.\mined: Mount Rainier, Smith in 1889; Mount Adams, Henderson, August, 1882; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf .'ylS; Spokane Falls, Watson 399; without locality, Va.sey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Transition to Hudsonian. POTAMOGETONACEAE. POTAMOGETON. Pondweed. Floating leaves broad; stipules free. Submerged leaves grass-like. Stipides long; floating leaves subcordate at base \. P. nutans. Stipules short ; floating leaves attenuate at base 2. P. nuttallii. Submerged leaves lanceolate. Floating leaves 30 to 50-nerved 3. P. amplifolius. Floating leaves 10 to 20-nerved. Petioles of floating leaves short 4. P. alptnus. Petioles of floating leaves long. Stipules obtuse 5. P. heterophyllus. Stipules acuminate 6. P. lonchites. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 97 Floating leaves none. Leaves all oblong or lanceolate. Base of leaves clasping; apex acuminate 1 . P. ferfoUatnx. Base of leaves not clasping; apex not acuminate. Leaves obtuse, cucullate, sessile 8. P. ]>raelon(i>i.s-. Leaves acute, short-petioled 9. P. lucens. Leaves all narrowly linear. Stipules adnate to the sheathing base of the leaf. Leaves setaceous, 1 to .5-nerved 13. P. peciinatus. Leaves ]inear-lancet)late, many-nerved 14. P. rohbinsii. Stipules free. Leaves tape-like; spike cylindric; fruit large 10. P. zosferaefoJiiis. Leaves not tape-like; spike not cylindric; fruit small. Spike capitate; peduncles very short \l. ]'. californiciis. Spike interrupted; peduncles long 12. P. pusiJlus. 1. Potamogeton natans L. Sp. PI. 1: 126. 17.53. Type loc.vlity; European. Range: North America. Europe. Asia. Specimen.s examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, Li/aU in 1859; Oyhut, Lamh 12.59; Tacoma, Flett 13.5; Falcon Valley, Suhsdorf, July 17, 1886: Pend Oreille River, L>jaU in 1X61. 2. Potamogeton nuttallii Cham. & Schleclit. Linnaea 2:226. f. l].f.2o. 1827. Potamogeton daytonii Tuck. Am. .Tourn. Sci. 14: 38. 1843. Type locality: None given. Range: Washington and Oregon to Nova Scotia and South Carolina. Specimens examined: ISlontesano, Heller 4072; lUv&co, Henderson mlSSG: Lake Wash- ington, Piper, September, 1892; Mount Constitution, Henderson 2477; Spokane County, Henderson 2476; Waitsburg, Horner R16. 3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuck. Am. Jovun. Sci. II. 6: 22.5. 1848. Type locality: Cambridge, Massachusetts. Range: British Columbia to Ontario, south to Washington and Nebraska. Specimens examined: Coupeville, Gardner 421; Pullman, Henderson 2474; Kalispel Lake, Kreager 441; Whatcom County, Sulsdorf, .\ugust 1. 1890. 4. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis, Mem. Acad. Turin 7:323. 1803. Potamogeton riifescens Schrad.; Cham. Ad. Fl. Ber. .5. 1815. Type locality: European. Range: British Columbia to Labrador, south to California and New Jersey. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Snl'sdorf, September, 1879; Trout Creek, Suls- dorf 2172. 5. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Spicileg. Fl. Lips. 21. 1771. Ti'PE locality: "In stagno ad Lindenthal," Germany. Range: Throughout most of North America. Europe. Specimens examined: Lake Chelan, Lake d.' Hull 614; Okanogan River, Watson 396; Tumwater Canyon, Sandherg & Leiberg 524; Falcon Valley, Snksdorf, August, 1885. 6. Potamogeton lonchites Tuck. Am. Journ. Sci. II. 6:226. 1848. Type locality: "Common in New England and extending southward to V'irginia." Range: Washington to New Brunswick, south to California and Florida. Specimens e.xamined: Clallam County, Elmer 2798; Silver Lake, Henderson 2475; Okanogan River, Watson 398, Pend Oreille River, Lgall in 1861; Whitman County, Hen- derson 2473; Union Flat, Piper, August 4, 1899, without locality, Vaseg in 1889. 29418—06 M 7 98 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 7. Potamogeton perfoliatus richardsonii Bennett, Journ. Bot. 27: 25. 1889. Potamogeton perfoliatus lanceolafus Robbins in Gray, Man. ed. 5. 488. 1867, not P. lanceo- latus Smith, 1824-28. Type locality: "Along the Great Lakes." Range: British Columbia to New England, south to California and Nebraska. Specimen.s examined: Lake Washington, Piper, August, 1892; Whatcom River, Gard- ner 419; Lake Chelan, Dr. T. E. Wilcox in 1883; Fort Colville, Rocky Mountains, Lyall in 1861; Lake Chelan, Gorman 677; Prosser, Griffiths cfc Cotton 809. The specimen upon which the "P. crispiis L. V of Suksdorf's list is based proves to be a sterile specimen of the above from Lake Washington. 8. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. Roem. Arch. IIL 3:331. 1803. Type locality: ''Laboci Junio Julicjue in fluvio cognomine, et in fluvio Jschiza." Range: British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to California and Pennsylvania. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Tacoma, Flett 2160. 9. Potamogeton lucens L. Sp. PI. 1: 126. 1753. Type locality: "Hab. in Europae lacubus, stagnis, fluviis argillosis." Range: British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to California and New Jersey. Europe, Asia. Specimens examined: Lake Chelan, Gorman 703. 10. Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. .50. 1801. Type locality: Saellandia. Range: Oregon and British Columbia to New Jersey and New Brunswick. Europe. Specimens examined: Whatcom County, Srtksdorf, August 1, 1890. 11. Potamogeton calif ornicus (Morong). Potamoijcton panciflorus californiciis Morong, Bot. Gaz. 10:254. 1885. Type locality: San Diego County, California. Range: Washington to California. vSpecimens examined: Pullman, Piper 1802. 12. Potamogeton pusillus L. Sp. PI. 1: 127. 1753. Type locality: Europe Range: British Columbia to New Brunswick, south to California, Texas, and Virginia. Europe. Specimens examined: Seattle, Pi/Jt/' 761 ; Okanogan River, lFa/so7i 395. 13. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sp. PI. 1: 127. 1753. Potamogeton colnnibianiis Suksdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 19: 92. 1901. Type locality: European. Range: British Columbia to New Brunswick, south to California and Florida. Europe. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1859; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 2m2: White Salmon, 5«/:sfZo// 221; Okanogan River, Watson 394. 14. Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 180. 1841. Type locality: "In Pondicherry Pond, Jefl'erson, N. H." Range: Washington to New Brunswick, south to Oregon and Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Lake Cushman, Piper 2231; Henderson 1861; Lake Chelan Gorman in 1898. Potamogeton pulciier Tuck, is listed by Suksdorf. The basis is a sterile plant from Glenwood, which may belong to P. amplifoiius Tuck. Potamogeton marinus L. is included in Suksdorf's list based on a sterile plant from Bingen, which seems to be P. pectinatus L. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 99 NAIADACEAE. Carpels several to each flower. Flowers perfect, peduncled; leaves opposite Ruppia. Flowers monoecious; leaves alternate Zanniciikllia. Carpels solitary; flowers monoecious or dioecious. Leaves opposite or whorled, denticulate Naias. Leaves alternate, entire, long-linear. Monoecious; ovaries pendulous Zoster a. Dioecious; ovaries ascending Phyllospadix. RUPPIA. Sheaths 6 to 8 nun. long; fruit 2 mm. long 1. B. maritima. Sheaths 12 to 30 mm. long: fruit 3 to 4 mm. long 2. B. occidentalis. 1. Ruppia maritima L. S[). PI. 1: 127. 1753. Type locality: European. Range: In brackish water, nearly cosmopolitan. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2797: Whidby Island, Gardner 348; Anacortes, TIentle/'son, July, 1892; Ocosta, Henderson, June, 1892; Seattle, Piper 28(53. 2. Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 138. 1890. Type locality: "In saline ponds near Kamloops, Britisli Columbia." Collected by Macoun. Range: British Columi)ia to Washington and Nebraska. Speclmens EX.\.MiNEt): Lake Ciiolan, LuJce i(' //(///. ZANNICHELLIA. 1. Zannicheliia palustris L. Sp. Pi. 2: 909. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Europac, Virginiae fossis, fluviis." Range: Throughout most of North America. Europe. Asia. Speclmens ex.\mined: West Klickitat County, SuJcsdorf2\74; Junction Crab and Wil- son Creeks, Samlherg tt' Leiberg 264; Marshall Junction, Piper, July 2, 1896. NAIAS. 1. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt, Fl. Sed. 384. 1824. Cauliniafe.rilis Willd. Abh. Akad. Berlin 95. 1803. Type locality: European. Range: Throughout most of North Ameiica. Europe. Speclmens e.xamined: Green Lake, Piper; Lake Chelan, Elmer, September, 1897. ZOSTERA. 1. Zostera marina L. Sp. Ph 2: 968. 1753. Eelgrass. Zostera oregana Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 131. 1891. Type locality: "Habitat in mari Balthico, Oceano." Range: Seacoasts, Alaska to California and Greenland to Florida. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Grays Harbor, Henderson 2471; Orchard Point, Piper 2314. Eelgrass is very abundant at about low-tide mark all along the seashore, especially in quiet water. Fruiting specimens are very rarely found. Better material for study is much to be desired. 100 CONTEIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. PHYLLOSPADIX. 1. Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 171. 1839. Type locality: "Dundas Island in the Columbia River," Dr. Scolder. Range: Seacoast, Briti.sh Columbia to California. Specimens examined: Whidby Island, Gardner 323. The other species, P. torrpyi Wats., may be expected to occur on the Washington coast, as it is known from California and from \'ancouver Island. SCHEUCHZEEIACEAE. Leaves basal ; flowers in a long spike-like raceme Triglochik. Stems leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme Scueuchzeiua. TRIGLOCHIN. Carpels 3; fruit linear or clavate 1. T. palv.stris. Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid 2. T. maritima. 1. Triglochin palustris L. Sp. PI. 1: 33S. 1753. Type locality: European. Range: Alaska to New Brunswick, soutii to Washington and New York. Specimens examined: Colville, Kreager 52C. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 2. Triglochin maritima L. S:^ PI. 1: 339. 1753. Type locality: Europe. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to California and New Jersey. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2571; Whidby Island, Gardner 355; Admiralty Head, Piper; Orchard Point, Piper, July, 1895; Seattle, Piper 680; Lopez Island, Lyall in 1858-59; Falcon Valley, Suksdotf 617; Lake Chelan, Elmer, September, 1897; Lalce cfc Hull 628; Loomis, Elmer 261; Sprague, Sandberg d- Leiberg 210: Medical Lake, Henderson, July 2, 1892; Priest Rapids, Cotton 1378. Zonal distribution: Transition. SCHEUCHZERIA. 1. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Sp. PI. 1: 338. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Lapponiae, Helvetiae, Borussiae, Sueciae paludosis.'' Range: British Columbia to Labrador, south to California and Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Seattle, Piper 693; Skamania County, Suksdoif 1327; Wiiite Salmon, Suksdorfm 1878; Colville to Rocky Mountains, LgaU in 1861 ; Tacoma, Fleti 2226. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. ALISMACEAE. Carpels in a ring on a flat receptacle; leaves ovate Alisma. Carpels in many series on a convex receptacle ; leaves sagittate (in ours) .... SACiTrARiA. ALISMA. 1. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Sp. Pi. 1: 342. 1753. Water plantain. Type locality : European. Range: Nearly throughout North .\merica, Europe, .\sia. Specimens examined. Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall in 1859; Seattle, Piper, August, 1892; Tacoma, Flelt 153: west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1317: Ellensburg, Whited 498, Wenache, Whited 1428; .North Yakima, IVa^/, .\ugust, 1895: Columbia River, PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 101 46° to 49°, LiiaJl in 1S60: Kali-spel Valley, Kreager 363; Usk, Kreager 366; Cotton 432: Nason Creek, Sandberg cfc Leiherg 694; without localit}', Vaseij 66; Waitsburg, Horner 21 ; Pullman, Hull 629; Piper, July, 1897. Zonal distribution: Transition. SAGITTARIA. Arrowhead. Beak of the akene horizontal or oblique, more than one-fourth its length . . 1. .S'. httifolla. Beak of the akene less than one-fourth its length. Bracts 8 to 20 mm. long; bog plant 2. S. arifolia. Bracts 4 to 6 mm. long; water plant 3. S. cuneata. 1. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 409. 180.5. Wapato. ^ Sagittaria sagittifolia rnacrophylla Hook. Fl. Bor. A\n. 2: 167. 1839. Sagittaria sagittifolia vulgaris Hook. loc. cit. Sagittaria esculenta Howell, FI. N. W. Am. 679. 1903. Type locality: "Habitat a Canada ad Carolinam." Range: Throughout most of North America. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1858; Seattle, Piper, August, 1892; Chambers Lake, Henderson, August, 1892; Falcon Valley, Suhsdorf 673. Zonal distribution: Transition. This is the wapat o or wappatoo , formerly an i mportant food plant of the Indians . The introduction of the European carp into the Columbia River has nearly caused the exter- mination of this plant, where it used to be abundant. 2. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.; J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 6: 32. 1894. Type locality: Oregon. Collected by Nuttall. Range: British Columbia to Quebec, south to California and Kansas. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, SuTcsdorf 1318; Lake Chelan, Lake & Hull, August, 1892; Colville, Lyall in 1860; Union Flat, Piper 3049, 3049; Lahe d- HuU626; Pullman, Hardwick, July, 1895; Prosser, Griffiths & Cotton 806. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 2a. Sagittaria arifolia stricta J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 34. 1894. Type locality: Falcon "\'alley, Klickitat County, Washington. Collected by Suksdorf. Range: Washington. Specimens exAxMined: Falcon Valley, Suhsdorf (i7 4. 3. Sagittaria cuneata Sheld. Bull. Torr. Club 20: 283. 1893. Type tocality: "East Battle Lake, Otter Tail County," Minnesota. Range: Washington to Minnesota, north to British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Specimens examined: Phileo Lake, Spokane County, (SM^s(Zor/'2262. VALLISNERIACEAE. ANACHARIS. 1. Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch. Ann. Sar in the (nillatin Kiver," Montana. Range; Washington to Montana. Speclmens e.xamined: White River, I'n.ve;/ 66; Chelan, S/rner 484, 848; Kittitas County, Sandberg cf- Leiherg 431; North Yakima, Henderson 2219; Watt, August, 1895; Fort Colville, Lydl in 1860; Watson 445; Whitman County, Lalie & Hull 63; Dry Creek, Whitman County, Vasey 65; Yelm Prairie, Piper in 1S8S. Zonal distribution; Upper Sonoran and Transition. 3. Panicum hirticaulum Presl, Rel. Ilaenk. 1: 308. 1830. Type locality; "Hab. ad Acapulco, Me.xico." Range; Washington to Mexico. Specimen.s examined; Xear Bingen, S u Isd <>rf 2320. Zonal distribution; I'pper Sonoran. 4. Panicum scribnerianuni Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 421. 1895. Panicum scopariurn minor Scribn. Bull. l'ni\'. Tenn. 7: 48. 1894, not Panicum puhescens minus Poir. ; Lam. Encycl. 4: 272. 181(i. Type locality; "Middle Tennessee." Range: Maine to Washington, south to Alabama and Arizona. Specimens examined; AIki Point, Piper 804; Seattle, Smith 804; Tacoma, Flett 11; American Lake, Smith, May, 1890. between Olympia and Gate City, Heller 4058; Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1859, Ophir, Elmer 509; Old Fort Colville, Watson 443; Wawawai, Elmer 763; Brodie, June, 1898. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Transition. All references of Panicum scopanum Lam. to Washington refer to T^. scribnenanum. With little doubt also the Columbia River specimens referred l)y Hooker to P. rJ*ciV/um Ell. are the same. 5. Panicum. occidentale Scribn. Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Ga'-d. 10: 48. 1899. Panicum pubescens Lam. err. det. Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1:306. 1830 Type locality: "Hab. in Nootka-Sund," Vancouver Island. Range; British Columbia, Washington, and Idaho. Specimens examined; Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1859; Woodlawn, Henderson, June 22, 1892; Yelm, Smith, July 20, 1890, Enumclaw, Vasey 72; Montesano, Heller 3978; 106 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Union City, Piper 939; Coulee City, Lal-e ct- Ihtll 118; Chelan, Elmer 489: Wenache, Whited 1249; Tumwater Canyon, White d, August, 1901; Little Baldy, Spokane County, Kreager 160; Mason County, Piper 939; Kiona, Cotton 736; Toppenish, Cotton 792. Zonal distribution: Transition. Specimens of this speries have been referred to P. luiidvm Lam. and to P. dichotomum, L. species not known to occur within our limits. P.\NicuM viROATUM L. is Stated ])v Hooker to have l)een collected on the Columbia by Douglas. There is no recent evidence of such occurrence of the species. CHAETOCHLOA. 1. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scrihn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Green foxtail. Panicum viride L. Sp. PL ed. 2. S3. 1762. Seiaria viridis Beauv. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Type locality: "Habitat in Europa au.strali." Specimens examined: North Yakima, Watt; Parker, -4. D. Dunn; Pullman, Piper; Waitsburg, Horner: Seattle, Piper. PHALARIS. Inflorescence a narrow panicle 1. P. arnndinacea. Inflorescence an ovoid spike 2. P. canariensis . 1. Phalaris arundiaacea L. iyp. PI. 1:.5.5. 1753. Reed canary grass. Type locality: European. Range: British Columbia to Nova vScotia, southward to New Jersey, Kansas, and California. Specimens examined: Cascades, Lyedl in 1859; Wenache region, Brandegee 11.53, Whited 1425; Ellensburg, Piper, June, 1897; Whited 563; Columbia River, Klickitat County, Sulcsdorf 1186; Spokane River, Piper 2386: Big Meadow, Kreager 425; Lake Chelan, Vasey 52, 552: Colville Reservation, Grijfiths tC" Cotton 367: Brewster, Grijfiths cfc Cotton 263. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 2. Phalaris canariensis L. Sp. PI. 1:54. 17.53. Canary grass. Type locality: "llab. in Europa austiali, Canariis." Specimens examined: Pullman, Hardirick, July, 1895. ANTHOXANTHUM. 1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sp. PI. 1:28. 17.53. Sweet vernal grass. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae pratis." Specimens ex.\mined: Tacoma, Py/vr, September 5, 1895. SAVASTANA. 1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club 5: .34. 1894. Vanilla grass. TIoku.« odoratu.<: L. Sp. PI. 2: 1048. 1753. Hierochloe boreaJis Roem. & .Schult. Syst. 2: 513. 1817. Type locality: European. Range: Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Washington, Colorado, and Wisconsin. Specimens examined: Ellensburg, Whited 292; North Yakima, Leckenhy, April 22, 1897; Fort Colville, Lyall in 1861; Wenache River, Vasey 229. Zonal distribution: Transition. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 107 ARISTIDA. 1. Aristida purpurea robusta (Merrill). Atidida longiscta robusta Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 5. 1901. Type locality: "Indian Creek, Montana." Range: South Dakota to British Columbia, south to Nebraska and Wyoming. Specimens examined: A]m&, Elmer 536; Rock ls\iin(i, Sandherg (& Leiberg 439:Spoka.ne, Piper 2597: Wavvawai, Brodie, July, 1898; Kelly's Bar, Snake River, Brodie, July, 1898; Cow Creek, Grijfiihs d' Cotton 288; Lyons Ferry, Griffiths & Cotton 547. Zonal distribution; Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition. Nuttall's type of ^4. purpurea in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences was, in my opinion, misunderstood i)y Mr. Merrill. The type certainly belongs to the group of forms Merrill includes under ^4. Jongiseta Steud., and has nothing to do with the species with which Merrill associates the name purpurea. STIPA. Awns 10 to 20 times longer than the lemmas. Plants glabrous 8. S. comata. Plants pubescent So. S. comata intonsa. Awns 4 to 7 times longer than the lemma. Awns plumose. Ligule 1 mm. long or less. Sheaths glabrous 1 . >S'. occidentalis. Sheaths pubescent 2. .S'. elmeri. Ligule 2 to 4 mm. long 'A. S. thurberiatia. Awns only slightly pube.scent or scabrous. Callus very short, obtu.se: spikelets stout 4. S. leminoni. Callus acute or acuminate. Sheaths pubescent 5. .S". ^viUiamsii. Sheaths smooth or only .scabrous. Awn.s 1 to 3 cm. long tl. distribution: Upper vSonoran and Arid Transition. 4. Stipa lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 3. 1901. Stipa prlngh-i Jenurioni Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:. 55. 1892. Stipa lemmoni jonesiiSvrihn . U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 4. 1901. Type locality : Mohawk Valley, Plumas County , California, according to the label of the type specimen. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, Suksdo/f 146, .56; Sinicoc Mountains, HoioellS: Wenache Mountains, (7oif/o« 1263; Perkins Creek, C'o/t'/-(7 814 and August, 1893; Wenache Mountains, Elmer 441 ; Cascade Mountains above Lake Chelan, Lake cfc Hull 115; Cascade Mountains to Fort Colville, Lyall in 1860: Cascade Mountains, ]'asetj 393. Zonal distribution: Arctic and Hudsonian. POLYPOGON. Glumes notched at apex, their awns 2 to 3 times as long; panicle dense, cylindric 1 . P. monspeliensis. Glumes attenuate into awns of equal length; panicle lobed or inter- rupted 2. P. littoraUti. 1. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Fl. Atl. 1:67. 1800. Alopecurus nionspeHensislj. Sj). PI. 1:61. 17.53. Type locality: "Habitat monspelii. " Range: British Columbia to Mexico. Europe. Naturahzed in the Atlantic States. Specimens examined: Olympics, Elmer 1934; South Bend, Spillman, August 17, 1899; Seattle, Piper 792: Tacoma, Flett 7; Parker, Dunn; North Yakima, Wait, August, 1895; Alma, Elmer 532; Douglas County, Sandberg & Leiberg 280; Waitsburg, Horner 523; Illia, W. R. Hull 90; Almota, Piper, June, 1894; Spokane, Sandberg, Heller, ci- MacDougal 920; Steptoe, Vasey 56; Ellensburg, Vasey 494. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Transition. 2. Polypogon littoralis (With.) Smith, Comp. Fl. Brit. ed. 2. 13. 1816. Agrostls littoralis With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Veg. ed. 3. 2: 129. 1796. Type locality: "Wells, on the Norfolk coast," England. Range: Vancouver Island to California and on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1955; Tacoma, Flett 8. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 112 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. SPOB.OBOLUS. Panicle contracted, spike-liko. Annuals, culms slender or filiform 1 . S.JiUformis. Perennials. Sheaths inflated, usually inclosing base of panicle. . . 2. S. vaii'inaejiorus negledus. Sheaths not inflated. Glumes one-third to one-half the length of the lemma 3. 6'. rldmrdsoni. Glume from two-thirds to almost the whole length of the lemma 4. .S'. clepnjiperatus. Panicle open, branches mostly spreading. Annuals, culms slender, pedicels longer than spiiielcts 5. S. amfusiis. Perennials. Panicle branches close-flowered nearly to base; pedi- cels equaling to shorter than spikelets (>. S. (■n/])ia?}(lriis. Panicle branches few-flowered, naked below. Pedicels smooth, seldom more than twice the length of the spikelet . 7. S. aiioides. Pedicels scabrous, 3 to many times the length of the spikelet 8. ^S'. asperifolius. 1. Sporobolus filiformis (Thurb.) Rydberg. Contr. Nat. Herl). 3: 189. 1895. Vilfa depau perata flifoniiis Thurb. Bot. King E.xplor. 376. 1871. V Ufa gracillima Thuib. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 268. 1880. Sporobolus (jraciUimus Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. S. 44. 1885. Type locality: Yo.semite Valley, California. Range: Washington to California and Colorado. Specimens examined: Glenwood, F/e/< 1396; Mount Adams, 77f/if7e/'.son, August 3, 1892; Eowell 84; Falcon Valley, SuksdorflZ. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian. 2. Sporobolus vaginaefiorus neglectus S( ribn. V . S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17. rev. ed. 170. 1901. Sporobolus ncfjlectus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 464. 1895. Type locality: None given. Range: Washington to Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Kansas. Specimens examined: Myers Falls, Kreager 590. Zonal distribltion: Transition. 3. Sporobolus richardsoni (Trin.) Merrill, Rhodora 4: 46. 1902. VUfa richardsoni Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. \l. 6-': 103. 1840. TiPE locality: "Amer. boreal." Richardson. Range: British Columbia to Labrador, south to California and New Mexico. Speci.mens examined: Ellensburg, Piper 2581; Parker, Z^wnft, August 8, 1901; Medical Lake, Henderson 2251; Grand Coulee, Griffiths cfc Cotton 359; Prosser, Cotton 636; Colville Reservation near Mount Bonaparte, Griffiths cfe Cotton 359; Grand Coulee, Griffiths & Cotton 434. Zonal distribution: Transition and Upper Sonoran. 4. Sporobolus depauperatus (Torr.) Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 9: 103. 1882. Vilfa depauperata Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 257. 1840. Vilfa squarrosa Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VL 6-: 100. 1840. TypE locality: "N. W. America. Barren sandy parts of the Columbia from Menzies' island upwards.". Collected by Douglas. Range: Oregon and Washins:ton to Montana. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 113 Specimexs examined: ''N-W. coast," Don tjlas: Pullman, Pi'/w 192(5; IJemlerson 2250; Almota, Piper, September, 1896. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition. 5. Sporobolus confusus (Fourn.) Vasey, Bull. Torr. Cluh 15: 293. 1888. Vilfa confusa Fourn. Me.\. PI. Enum. Gram. 101. 1886. Ti'PE locality: " In devexis arenosis mentis ignivoiiii Joridlo,'' Me.xico. Range: Washington to Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. Specimens examined: Parker, Yakima County, Elmer 1076. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 6. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gra}-, Man. 576. 1848. Agrostis cryptandrus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 1.51. 1824. Vilfa tenacissima fnscicolor Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 239. 1840. Type locality: "On the Canadian river." Range: Washington to Maine southward to Texas. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, central Washington, Vaseij 132; Klickitat County, Siilcsdorf \0\9; Wawawai, Elmer 760; near Ellensburg, Vatfey 465; Kiona, C'(Mon 726; Sentinel Bluffs, Cotton 13.53. Zonal dlstribution: Upper vSonoran in Washington. 7. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 7^: 21. 18.56. Ayrostis airoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1:151. 1824. Ti'PE locality: "On the branches of the Arkansas, near the Rocky Mountains. " Range: W^ashington to Nebraska, south to California and Arizona. Sfeci.mens examined: Near Oroville. Okanogan River, Griffiths ci' Cotton 3.50. This is the northernmost station known. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 8. Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 269. 1880. Vilfa asperifolia Nees & Meyen, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VL 6-: 95. 1840. Ti'PE locality: "Chile; Rio Mayno; Copiapo." Range: British Columbia to A.ssiniboia southward to California and Missouri. Specimens examined: Alma, Elmer 549; Coulee City, Lake & Hull, August, 1892; Wilson Creek, Lahe & Hull 99; Alkali Lake, Sandherg <& Leiberg, July, 1893; Ellensburg, Piper 2580; North Yakima, Henderson 2218; Union Gap, Yakima River, Cotton 492; North Yakima, Watt in 1895; Cascade Mountains, Vasey 525; Toppenish, Cotton 804; Priest Rapids, Cotton 1403. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood, Bot. & Flor. 385. 1874. (Vilfa cuspidata Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1839.) This is included in Suksdorf's List, but no Washington specimens have been seen by us. CINNA. 1. Cinna latifoUa (Trev.) Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853. Agrostis latfolia Trev.; Goepp. Beschr. Bot. Gaert. in Breslau 82. 1830. Cinna pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VL 6-'; 280. 1841. Cinna pendula glomenila Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1884: 290. 1885. Cinna LatifoUa glomerata Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 319. 1896. Range: Alaska to Oregon, Colorado, New England, and Carolina. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 18-59; Seattle, Piper 821; Moniesano, Heller 4017; Longmire Springs, Mount Ranier, Piper 1982; Lake Cushman, Piper 1991; Railroad Creek, Okanogan County, Elmer 719; Coulee City, Lalce dc Hull 114; x\ason City, Sandherg cfc Leiberg, July, 1893; Okanogan County, Sandherg tfc Leiberg 581; Blue Mountains, Piper, July, 1896; Salmon River, Blue ]Mountains, Horner 494. Zonal distribution: Transition and Canadian. 29418—06 M 8 114 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. COLEANTHUS. 1. Coleauthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel; Koem. & Schult. Syst. 2: 276. 1817. . Schmidtia subtilis Tratt. Fl. Austr. 1 : 12. 1816. Type locality: "In der gegend von Wosseck," Bohemia. Range: Along the lower Columbia River. Also in Europe. Speclmens examined: Klickitat County, Sii]cs(lorf2S0. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. CALAMAGROSTIS. Awn strongly geniculate; callus hairs much shorter tlian the lemma. Awn great!}' exceeding the glumes. Panicle loose; leaves nearly as loilg as the culms \. C. hoireUii. Panicle dense; leaves shorter than the culms. Leaves soft, flat - 4. C. iireedyi. Leaves hard, closely involute. Glumes scabrous all over 2. C. purpurascem Glumes nearly smooth 3. C. vaseyi. Awn shorter than or a little exceeding the glumes. Glumes strongly keeled; tall seashore plant o. C. aleutica. Glumes not strongly keeled. Panicle dense, purple 6. C. ruhescens. Panicle dense, pale green 7. C. suTcsdorjii. Awn straight; callus hairs not much shorter than the lemma. Panicle loose and open. Spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long - 9. C. Inngsdorjfii. Spikelets 2 to 4 mm. long. Glumes 2 to 2.5 mm. long 12. C. macounlana. Glumes 3 to 4 mm. long. Awn attached near the middle of the lemma 10. C. canadensis. Awn attached near the apex of the lemma 11. C blanda. Panicle narrow, rather close. Callus hairs copious; sheaths l)earded at summit 13. C. scribneri. Callus hairs sparse. Leaf blades soft, not rigid 14. 6'. negleda. Leaf blades rigid. , Panicle rather loose 15. C. inexpansa. Panicle dense, spike-like. Glumes subcoriaceous, ovate, acute; panicle 4 to 6 cm. long 16. C. crassiglumis. Glumes membranous, acuminate, panicle 5 to 20 cm. long 17. C hyperborea. 1. Calamagrostis h.o"welli Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 271. 1881. Type locality: "Oregon." Collected by Howell. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Larm River, Suhsdorf 13; Cape Horn, Piper. Zonal DisTPaBUTiON : Humid Transition. Abundant on the perpendicular clifl's of the Columbia Gap, but not known elsewhere. 2. Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. in Richards. Bot. App. Fiankl. Journ. 731. 1823. Calamagrostis sylvatica DC. err. det. A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 80. 1866. Calamagrostis sylvatica americana Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 83. 1892. Type locality-: British America between Point Lake and the Arctic Sea. Range; Alaska to Greenland, southward to the Black Hills, Colorado, and California PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 115 . Specimens examined: Mount Stuart, Saiidbcnj cfc Leihenj 825; Mouut Chanaca, Elri-cr 555; Wenache region, Tveedi/ 6^). Zonal distribution: Hudsonian.? 3. Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 344. 1896. CalamiujrosHs pirpurascens II. Br. err. det. Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 83. 1892. Type locality: "Cascade Mountains of Washington." Collected by G. R. Vase3^ Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 19S4, 1983: Mount Ranier, Piper 1956, 1957, 1955; Goat Mountains, Allen 177; Skamania County, Suhsdorf 1025; Flell 13S4, 139(). Zonal distribution: Arctic. The " Deyeuxia sylvaiica Kth." of Suksdorfs list is Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal. 4. Calamagrostis tweedyi Scribn. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 83. 1892. Deyeuxia tweedyi Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 10: 64. 1883. Type locality: "Cascade Mountains, Washington." Collected l)v Tweed}'. Range: Cascade Mountains, Washington. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, Tweedy; Vasey in 1889. 5. Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. in Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersl). VI. 2: 171. 1832. Calamagrostis albicans Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1882: 92. 1SG3. Calamagrostis pallida Nutt.; A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 334. 1863. Deyeuxia hreviaristata Vasey, Bull. Torr. Clul) 15: 48. 1888. Type locality: "Unalaschka." Range: Alaska to California. Specimens examined: Westport, Henderson, June, 1892; Granville, Conard 335. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 6. Calam.agrostis rubescens Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 92. 1863. Deyeuxia varia Kunth, err. det. Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 9: 45. 1882. Type locality: "Oregon." Collected b}' Nuttall. Range: British Columbia and Alberta to California. Specimens examined: Blue Mountains, Horner 493; Lalce d; Hull 74; Lake Omack, Griffiths cfc Colton 389; Cascade Mountains, Vasey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 7. Calamagrostis suksdorfii Scribn. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 82. 1892. Deyeuxia sulcsdorfii Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 15: 9. 1888. Type locality: According to type specimen. Falcon Valley, Washington. Collected by Suksdorf. Range: British Columbia to California and Wyoming. Specimens examined: Wenache \'alley, Sandberg & Leiberg 535; Ellensburg, Elmer 421; Atanum River, Henderson 2151; east of Mount Adams, Henderson 2153; Twenty- five Mile Creek, Okanogan County, Gorman 615; North Palouse River, Vasey, July 3, 1901; Dry Creek, Vasey, July 5, 1901; Pullman, Piper 1919; Falcon Valley, Suksdo/f 26, 607; Spokane County, (Swi.«/o// 92. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 8. Calamagrostis suksdorfii luxurians Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 24. 1898. Type locality: "Farmington Landing, Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho." Collected b\- Sandberg, Heller, and MacDougal. Range: British Columbia, Washington, and Idaho. Specimens examined: Tieton River, Cotton 503; Wenache, Whited 1418: Cascade Mountains, Vasey; Peshastin, Sandberg cfc Leiberg, July, 1893; Spokane, Pi]>er 1918; P.lue Mountains, Piper 2557; locality unknown, Brandegee 1171. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 116 CONTRIBUTIONS FEOM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 9. Calamagrostis langsdorflS.! Trin. Gram. Unifl. 225. t. J,-./. 10. 1824. Calamagrostis oregonensi.s Buckl. Proo. Acad. Pliila. 1862: 92. 1863. Calamagrostis columbiensis Nutt.; A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 334. 1863. Type locality: "Tobolsk," Siberia. Range: Alaska to Greenland, south to ('alU'ornia, New Mexico, Michigan, and North Carolina. Europe. Asia. Specimens e.xamined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 1986: Elmer 1671, 1672; Mount Rainier, Smith 981; Tatoosh Mountains, Allen 176; Goose Lake, Fleit 1378: Cascade Moun- tains, Henderson 2157; Vasey in 1889; Sandberg <£• Leiherg 795: North Fork of Bridge Creek, Elmer 680; Mount Adams, Howell in 1882; SvlcsdorfSJ, 204. Zonal distribution: Mainly Hudsonian and Aictic. 9a. Calamagrostis langsdorfl3.i lactea (Beal) Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:28. 1898. Calamagrostis ladea Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 346. 1896. Deyeuxia lactea Suksdorf in Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 346. 1896, as .synoi:ym. Type locality: "Washington; banks of the North Fork of Nooksack River, near Mount Baker." Collected by Suksdorf. Range: Washington. Specimens examined: Near Mount Ji&kev, Sulsdoif 1022, 1023: Falcon Valley, ^Sw^s- dorf 20Q. 10. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Agrost. 15, 1.57. 1812. Arundo canadensis Michx. Fl. 1: 73. 1803. Type locality: "Hab. in Canada." Range: British Columbia to Nova Scotia, southwaid to New Jersey, Ohio, Utah, and Oregon. Specimens exa.mined: Wenache region, Brandegee 1109; Klickitat County, SuksdorJ 2127; Thorn Creek, Whitman County, Vasey, July 9, 1901; Pulhnan, Brodie August, 1898 ; Piper 3037: Henderson 2162: Big Meadows, Kreager 411; Spokane County, Sulsdorf 86, 90a. Zonal distribution: Transition. 10a. Calamagrostis. canadensis acuminata Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agi'ost. Bull. 5: 26. 1897. Type locality: Georgetown, Colorado. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south in the mountains to California, New Mexico, and North Carolina. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, Vasey in 1889; Brandegee 1168; Lyall in 1860; Elle;:sberg, Piper, July 9, 1897; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 2121 ; along Sal- mon River, Horner 495; Stehekin, Griffiths cfr Cotton 196, 230; Cascade Mountains, Vasey i!i 1889; Klickitat County, Siil'sdorf 203, 205; near Mount Baker, Suksdorf 2166; Mount Adams, Hoivell 82; Suksd!>!f20d. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition to Hudsonian. 11. Calamagrostis blanda Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 349. 1896. Calamagrostis paUidaYasey &Scnhn. Contr. Nat. Herl). 3: 79. 1892, not C. Muell. 1860. Type locality: "Washington." Collected by Suksdorf. Range: Washington to Montana. Specimens examined: Klickitat County, Suksdorf 52. 12. Calamagrostis macouniana Va.sey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 81. 1892. Deyeuxia macouniana \'asey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 297. 1885. Type locality: "Souris Plain, Assiniboia" according to the label on the type specimen. Range: Washington to Assiniboia and Missouri. Specimens examined: North Palouse River, Vasey, March 3, 1897; Pullman, Hender- son 2162, Piper 3037, Brodie, July, 1898; Spokane County, Suksdorf 1097. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 117 13. Calamagrostis scribneri Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 343. 1896. Deyeuxia dubia Scrihu. Bot. Gaz. 11: 174. 1886. Calamagrostis dubia Scribn. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: SO. 1892, not Bunge; Lehm. Re]. 348. 1847. Type loc.\lity: "Slough Creek, alt. 6,700 ft., Montana." Range: British Columbia to Washington and Wyoming. Specimens examined: Chiquash Mountains, Suksdorf 1023; Mount Adams, SitJcsdorf 145; Wenache Mountains, Cotton 1756. Zonal distribution: Iludsonian? 14. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrli.) Gaertn. Meyer & Scherl). Fl. Wetterau 1:94 1799. Arundo ner/Ieda Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 84, 137. 1791. Calamagrostis stricta Koel. Descr. Gram. 105. 1802. Calamagrostis coardata Torr. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 240. 1839. Type locality": Upsala, Sweden. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to Oregon, Colorado, and Maine. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Spokane County, SuhsdorfQO. 16a. Calamagrostis inexpansa cuprea Kearney, U. vS. Dept. Agj-. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 37. 1898. Type locality: "" In shallow water, Falcon Valley, Washington." Collected by Suks- dorf. Range: Known only from the type locality. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, -Sm^-.sv/o// 910. 15b. Calamagrostis inexpansa barbulata Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:37. 1898. Type locality*: "Mason County, Wash." Collected by Piper, three miles south of Union City. Range: Known only from the type specimen. Specimens examined: Mason County, Piper 947. Abundant in small wet meadows in woods of Piniis contorta. 16. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 281. 1880. Deyeuxia crassiglumis Y assy, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. S. 50. 1885. Type locality': "Swamps, Mendocino County," California. Collected by Bolander. Range: Vancouver Island to California. Specimens examined: Whatcom Lake, *S wtsc/or/ 1024. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 17. Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange, Fl. Dan. 50: t. 291,2. 1880; Consp. Fl. Groenl. 160. 1880. Calamagrostis stricta robusta, Vasey in Rothr. ; Wheeler Rep. 6: 285. 1878, not C. robusta C. Muell. Ty'pe LOCALITY": Igalico, near Julianshaab, southern Greenland. Range: Alaska to Greenland, south to California, Arizona, and Vermont. Speclmens examined: Cascade Mountains, Cooper. 17a. Calamagrostis hyperborea elongata Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 40. 1898. Type locality: "Plummer Ford, on the Dismal River, Plummer County, Nebr." Range: British Columbia to Ontario, southward to California, Colorado, and Pennsyl- vania. Specimens examined: Douglas County, Sandberg dC' Leiberg 325; Spangle, Sulcsdorf 1099, 1100; Marshall Junction, Piper 22.54; locality unknowTi, Brandegee 1170: Endicott, Elmer 1028; Ephrata, Cotton 470; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 187, 188; Spokane County, Suhsdorf 106. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 118 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 17b. CalamagTOstis hyperborea americana Vasey; Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 41. 1898. Deyeuxia neglecta americana Vasey, Macoun. Cat. Can. PI. 4: 206. 1888, nom. nud. Calamagrostis stricta Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 79. 1866 in part, not Koel. Type locality: "Donald, Columbia Valley," British Columbia. Collected by Macoun. Range: British Columbia to Hudson Bay, southward to Oregon, Colorado, and Vermont. Specimens examined: Brewster, Griffiths & Cotton 267; Conconully, Griffiths <& Cotton 271; Stehekin, Griffiths & Cotton 240; Ephrata, Griffiths <& Cotton 470. Zonal distribution: Aiid Transition. Calamagrostis stricta Nutt. is listed in Cooper's Report, page 70. The specimen seems to be lost, but it was certainly of some other species. AGROSTIS. Rachilla prolonged behind the palet. Spikelets 3 mm. long, usually purple 1. ^4. aequivalvis. Spikelets 2 mm. long, usually pale 2. A. thurbenana. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet. Palet evident, 2-nerved. Plant spreading by creeping short-leafed stolons 3. A. depressa. Plant without stolons. Tufted ; a dwarf high-alpine species 4. ^4. humilis. Provided with rootstocks; culms erect, rather tall 5. ^4. alba. Palet wanting or minute and nerveless. Plant with rootstocks 6. ^4. paUens. Plant tufted, without rootstocks. Panicle narrow, rather close. Lemma with exserted awn. Glumes awn-pointed 1. A. microphyUu. Glumes merely acute 8. ^. ampla. Lemma awnless oi the awn included. Panicle 5 to 30 cm. long; tall lowland plant 9. ^4. exarata. Panicle 3 to 6 cm. long; low alpine plant 10. ^4. rossae. Panicle open, loose. Inflorescence very diffuse; herbage scabrous 11. ^4. hyemalis. Inflorescence not diffuse. Plants 10 to 30 cm. high; panicle usually pale. . 12. ^4. idahoensis. Plants 30 to 60 cm. high. Panicle pyramidal, dark purple 13. ^4. oregonensis. Panicle elongated, oblong 14. .4. schiediana. 1. Agrostis aequivalvis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. IV. 6^: 362. 1841. Agrostis canina aequivalvis Trin. in Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 171. 1832. Type locality: Sitka. Range: Alaska to Oregon. Specimens examined; Nason Creek, Sandherg & Leiberg 676; Mount Adams, SvJcsdorf 194. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian? 2. Agrostis thurberiana A. S. Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 68: 23. lfK).5. Type locality: "In wet places on mountains, Skamania County, Wash." Collected by Suksdorf. Range: British Columbia to California and Utah. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Suksdorf 24, 194; Nason Creek, Sandbeiy c& Lei- berg 676; Mount Rainier, Flett 1955. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 119 3. Agrostis depressa ^'a.sey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 54. 1886. Agro-'itiH e.rarata siolonifera Vase}'', loc. cit. Type locality : Clear Creek Canyon, Colorado. Range: Washington to California, Colorado. Speclmens examined: West Klickitat County, SuJcsdoij" 40, 140; Ilwaco, Piper. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 4. Agrostis humilis Vasoy, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 21. 1883. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washington. Collected by Suksdorf. Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Flett 836; Elmer 1951; Mount Rainier, Piper 1976, 1975, 1973, 1974; Allen 65a, 179; Skamania County, Sulcsdorf 1021, 1079; Mount Adams, Suksdorf 25; Howell 85; Stevens Pass, Sandherg & Leiberg, August, 1893; Cascade Mountains Vasey 362; Bridge Creek, Elmer 677. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 5. Agrostis alba L. Sp. PI. 1: 63. 1753. Redtop. Type locality; "Habitat in Europae nemoribus." Range: British Columbia to Labrador and southward. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 1954; Southbend, Spillman, August 7, 1899; Montesano, Heller 4034, 3957; Skamania County, Flett 1387; Tacoma, Piper, ^\x\j 15, 1897; Wenache, Wlnted A; Ellensburg, Elmer 407; Piper 2578; Tieton River, C'o//or 493; Parker, A. D. Dunn, August 8, 1901; Douglas County, Spillman, Max 27, 1896; Sand- herg d' Leiherg 403; North Palouse River, Vasey, July 3, 1901; Pullman, Piper, July, 1894; Wawawai, Piper 3531; Ellensburg, Vasey 489. Zonal distribution; Transition. 6. Agrostis paUens Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersl). IV. Q^: 328. 1841. Agrostis exarata littoralis Vasey, Bull. Toir. Clul). 13: 54. 1886. Ty'PE locality; " iVmer.-borealis ? " Range; Washington to California along the coast. Specimens examined: Copalis, Conard 416; Westport, Henderson 2116. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 6a. Agrostis paUens foliosa (Vasey) A. S. Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. PI. Ind. Buh. 68: 34. 1905. Agrostis foliosa Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 55. 1886. Agrostis diegoensis Vasey, loc. cit. Type locality: Oregon. Collected by Howell. Range; British ColumV)ia to Idaho and California. Specimens examined; Union City, Piper 9.50, 949; Lakeview, Henderson 2125; East Seattle, Henderson 2113; Skamania County, Flett 1382, 1386; Cascade Mountains, Yakima County, Henderso7i, August 3, 1892; Cape Horn, iS'Mfo(7or/" 2332, 2331; Steptoe, I'ode^, June 1900; Pullman, Piper 3106, 1927, 3043; Wawawai, Piper 3531. Zonal dlstribution; Transition. All the Washington specimens that have been named A. haliii \'asey lielong to ^4. paUens foliosa. 7. Agrostis microphylla Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 164. 1855. ^ Type locality'; "Douglas legit in Am. Sptr." Collected by Douglas in North America. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Seattle, Piper 828 ; hake Cresceut. Laurence 306: Stuart Island, Lawrence 124; Johns Island, Laurence 190; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 47 ; Douglas County, Sandherg d' Leiherg 327; Montesano, Heller 4010. Zonal distribution; Humid Transition. 120 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 8. Agrostis ampla A. S. Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 68: .38. 1905. Type locality: "On wet rocks near Rooster Rock, Multnomah County, Oregon." Range: British Columbia to Arizona. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Mrner 1953; Se&ttie, Henderson 2113 ■. What- com iJake, Sxilcsdorf 132; Bingen, Snlcsdorf 2829; Falcon Valley Suksdotf 132; Skamania County, FZe« 1389. Zonal DiSTKiBt'TiON : Humid Transition. This species was previously referred to the Mexican A. lirescens H. B. K. 9. Agrostis exarata Trin. Gram. Unifi. 207. 1824. Agrostis grandis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. IV. 6-': 316. 1841. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. op. cit. 317. Agrostis scouleri Trin. op. cit. 329. Agrostis albicans Buckl Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 91. 1862. Type locality: "Ex Unalaschka." Collected by Eschscholtz. Range: Alaska to Mexico. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 19.52; Clallam County, Elmer 1949; Montesano, Heller 4018; Point Orchard, Piper 2311; Seattle, Henderson 2114; Upper Nisqually Valley, Allen 45; Wenache Region, Brandegee 1163; North Yakima, Watt, August, 1895; Yakima River, Cotton 425; Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lxjall in 1859; South- bend, Spillman, August 17, 1899; Chelan, Elmer 485; Douglas County, Sandberg cfe Leiberg 370; Wilson Creek, LaJt-e cfc Hull 97; Spokane, Piper 2852, 2623; Steptoe, Vasey, June, 1900; Waitsburg, Homer 499; Blue Mountains, Salmon River, Horner 496; Pullman, Piper 17.59, 1923; Cascade Mountains, Vasey 149. Zonal distribution : Upper Sonoran to Arctic. 10. Agrostis rossae Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Agrostis varians Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI. 6-: 314. 1841, not Thuill. 1790. Agrostis variabilis Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 19(X). Type locality: Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. Range: British Columbia to Colorado and California. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1948, Piper 1994; Nason Creek, Sandberg cfc Leiberg 656; Mount Rainier, Allen 179; Piper 1978, 1979, 1972, 1980, 1970; Skamania Count}^ SuJcsdorf 1020; Mount Adams, Henderson 2127; .A.tanum River, Hen- derson 2119; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 730; Walla Walla, Piper 179a. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian and Arctic. 11. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 68. 1888. Comucopiae hyemalis Walt. FI. Car. 73. 1788. Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. PI. 1: 370. 1799. Agrostis nutkaensis Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 222. 1833. Trichodium album PresI, Rel. Haenk. 1 : 244. 1830. Agrostis laxifiora (Michx.) Richards. Bot. App. Frankl. .Tourn. 731. 1823. Type locality : Carolina. Range: Throughout most of North America. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 1950; Southbend, Spillman, August 17, 1899; Orcas Island, Henderson 2112; Snoqualmie Falls, Piper 827; Nisqually Valley, Allen 43; Taconm, Flett 17; Cascade Mountains, Henderson, August, 1892; Tieton River, Cotton 435; North Yakima, Watt in 1895; Glenwood, Flett 1395; Parker, Dunn, August 8, 1901; Ophir, Elmer 510; Loomis, Elmer 557; Thorn Creek, Fasey, July 10, 1901; Steptoe, Vasey, July, 1900; Spokane, Henderson 2111; Pullman, Piper 1927; Blue Mountains, Horner 505; Cascade Mountains. Vasey 382, 68. Zonal distribution: Transition. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 121 11a. Agrostis hyemalis geminata (Trin.) A. S. liitchccH'k, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 68: 44. 1905. Agrosfis geininata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. Type LOCALITY : Unalaska. Range: Alaska to Washington and Colorado. Speclmens examined: Cascade Mountains, Henderson., July, 1892; Skagit Pass, Lnl^e & Hull 119; Mount Rainier, Allen in 1894. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 12. Agrostis idahoensis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club. 24: 42. 1897. Agrosils fenuis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club. 10: 21. 1883, not Sibth. 1794. Agrostis tenuiculmis Nash, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. Type locality: "Forest, Nes Perces County, Idaho." Collected by Ileller. Range: Washington and Montana to California and Colorado. Speclmens examined: Without locality, Brandegee 1165; Wenache Mountains, Cotton 1669; without locality, Suksdorfxn 1883. Zonal distribution: Canadian? 13. Agrostis oregonensis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club. 13: 55. 18S6 (.Vpril). Agrosfis attenuata Vasey, Bot. Ga"z. 11: 337. 1886 (December). Type locality: "Oregon." Collected by Howell. R.\nge; Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Skamania County, Sutsf/o// 907; Copalis, f'o/M/r/ 47; Lake Suth- erland, Lawrence 318; Kittitas County, Henderson 2123. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 14. Agrostis schiediana Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 6': 327. 1841. Agrostis hallii californica Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 74. 1892. Type locality: "Mexico." Range: British Columbia to Mexico. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, Sulsdorf CO, 189, 196; Lewis River. Henderson 2131. On Suksdorf's List appeal' the names Agrostis canina L., xi. dent,iJlora Vasey vnv-iarena- ria), A. verticillata \'ill. (.1 stolonifera L.), and A. perennans Tuck.? These names all seem to rest upon erroneous determinations, the last being A. hyenialis. A. rerticillata Vill. has been collected at Walla Walla by Leckenby, but only from cultivated plots. HOLCUS. 1. Holcus lanatus L. Sp. PI. 2: 1048. 1753. Velvet grass. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae pa.scuis arenosis." Specimens examined: Seattle, Smith 785; near Montesano, Heller 39.52: Claiks Spiings, Spokane County, Kreager 86. Quite commonly escaped from cultivation. In western Washington known as "mes- cjuite grass." ARRHENATHERUM. 1. Arrhenatheruni elatius (L.) Beauv. ; Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Fl. 1: 546. 1823. Tall meadow oatcjrass. Avena elatior L. Sp. PI. 1: 79. 1753. Holcus avenaceus Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 276. 1772. Arrhenatherum avenactum Boiss. Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 657. 1839-45. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae maritimis & apricis." Specimens examined; Seattle, Piper 830. AIRA. Hair grass. Panicle loose ; lemma 2 mm. long 1 . ^1. cargo phyllea. Panicle dense; lemma 3 miiL long , . 2. ^1. praecox. 122 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 1. Aira caryophyllea L. Sp. PL 1:66. 1753. TiPE locality: "Habitat in Angliae, Germaniae, Galliae, glareosis." Specimens examined: Coupeville, Gardner 346; Clallam County, Elmer 1933; Seattle, Pifer 823; Lake Park, Piper, July 27, 1895; Montesano, Heller 3889; Pierce and Thurston counties, Henderson 2142. 2. Aira praecox L. Sp. PI. 1: 65. 17.53. Type locality: Europe. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1932; Point Orchard, Piper 2310, 832; Whidby Island, Gardner 345; Stuart Island, Lawrence 59. MERATHREPTA. [Merathrepta Raf. in Seringe, Bull. Bot. 1: 221. 1830.] The type of Danthonia DC. is Festuca decumhens L. {Triodia. decurnbens R. Br.), and the name can not therefore be used in the current sense. Merathrepta has for its type M. spicata (L.) Raf. {Avena spicata L.). Spikelets ascending, in a close panicle. Callus very short, not hairy 1. M. pinetorum. Callus elongate, densely hairy 2. M. intermedia. Spikelets spreading in a loose panicle or solitary. Sheaths smooth 3. M. californica Sheaths hairy. Lemma abruptly narrowed; spikelets usually 2 to 4 4. M. aniericana. Lemma not abruptly narrowed; spikelets usually solitary 5. M. unispicata. 1. Merathrepta pinetorum. Danthonia spicata pinetorum Piper, Erythea 7: 103. 1899. Danthonia thermale Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 5. UK)1. Type" locality: "In gravelly soil, Mason County, Wash., 3 miles south of Union C ity." Collected by Piper. Range: British Columbia, Washington, and Idalio. Specimens examined: Mason County, near Union City, Piper 943; between mouth of Spokane River and Colville, Willces Expedition. Zonal distribution: Transition. 2. Merathrepta intermedia (Vasey). Danthonia intermedia Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 52. 1883. Type locality: "California, Rocky Mountains, Plains of Br. America to Mount All)ert, Lower Canada." Range: Canada to Washington, Colorado., and California. Specimens examined: Loomis, Elmer 553; Stevens Pass, Sandberg d- Leiberg, August, 1893; Mount Rainier, Piper 1950; Cascade Mountains, Vasey 442. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 2a. Merathrepta intermedia cusickii (Williams). Danthonia intermedia cusickii Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 7. ]iK)l. TiPE locality: "Oregon." Range: Washington to Montana and Oregon. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 1987. Zonal distribution: .\jctic. 3. Merathrepta californica (Boland.). Danthonia californica Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 2: 182. 1858-62. Type locality: "On the borders of cultivated fields near the bay at Oakland: hills near Mission Dolores, San Francisco." PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 123 Range: California to Washington and Montana. Specimens examined; Pullman, Elmer 1011; Piper 1744; Horner 879; Steptoe, Vaaey, June, 1900; without locality, Sandberg cf- Leiberg 488. Tlie following specimens are doubtfully referred here; Coupeville, Gardner 342; Seattle, Stnith 829; Kitsap County, Piper 821. Zonal distribution; Transition. 4. Merathrepta americana (Scribn.). Danthonia americana Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 5. 1901. Danthonia grandilhra Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chil. 568. 1873, not Hochst. 1851. Type locality; Chile. Range; British Columbia to California. Chile. Specimens examined; Montesano, ZZeZZer 3908; Falcon Valle}^ iS'uir.s Jo// 150. Zonal distribution; Transition. 5. Merathrepta unispicata (Thurb.). Danthonia unispicata Thurb. in S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 294. 1880. Type locality: "From San Diego to San Francisco," California. Range; Washington to California. Specimens examined; Spokane, Piper 2599; without locality, Geyer 189; Pullman, Elmer 1327; Brodie, June, 1898. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. AVENA. 1. Avena fatua glabrata Petermann, Flora des Bienitz 13. 1841. Smooth wild oat. Avena fatua glabrescens Voss. Fl. Alg. 113. 1864-67. Type locality: Not determined. Range; Introduced on the Pacific coast, especially in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho- Specimens examined; Tacoma, Piper, July 5, 1897; Pullman, Piper, July 2, 1894. DESCHAMPSIA. Lower glume 1-nerved. Glumes not longer than the florets 1. D. cespitosa. Glumes longer than the florets 2. D. atropurpiirea. Lower glume 3-nerved. Annual ; glumes 5 to 7 mm. long 3. D. cahjcina. Perennial; glumes 3 to 4 mm. long 4. D. elongata. 1. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 91, 160. 1812. Aira cespitom L. Sp. PI. 1: 64. 1753. Type locality; Europe. Range: Alaska to Labrador south to California, Ai-izona, Illinois, and New Jei-sey. Eu- rope, Asia. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1665; Sumas Prairie, Lyall in 1858-9; Seattle, Smith 858; Gray's Harbor, Henderson, June, 1892; Fort Vancouver, Garry in 1826; Railroad Creek, Elmer 718; Wenache River, Whited; Spokane, Piper, September, 1896; Pullman, Piper 1749; Steptoe, Vasey 12; Pend Oreille River, Lyall in 1861; Waitsburg, Horner .509; Lake Kalispel, Kreager 328; Lake Chelan, Vasey 24; without locality, Vasey 367. Zonal distribution; Transition. 2. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele, Flora 27: 56. 1844. Aira atropurpurea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 37. 1812. Aira latifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1840. Deschampsia atrojmrpitrea latifolia Scribn. in Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 2: 209. 1888. Type locality: Finmark. 124 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Range: Mountains of New England and New York to Alaska south to Oregon and Colorado. Europe. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1670: Mount Rainier, Piper 1949; Blount Rainier, Smith 690; Mount Adams, Henderson 2147; Stevens Pass, Sandberg c& Lei- here), August, 1893: Wenache Region, Brandegee, 1176; North Fork of Bridge Creek, Elmer 735; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1151; Skamania Count}', Flett 1371; Cascade Mountains, Vasey 423. Zonal distribution: Iludsonian. 3. Deschampsia calycina Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 251. 1830. Aira danthonioides Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1: 57. 1830. Type locality: "Hab. ad Monte-Rey Californiae."' Range: Washington and Idaho to California and Arizona. Peru. Specimens exai^iined: Douglas County, Spillman, May, 1896; Sandherg d' Leiherg 292; Wilson Creek, Sandberg <& Leiherg 395; Clealum, Henderson, June, 1892; Spipen [Naches] River, Wilkes Expedition; Klickitat River, Flett 1369; Pullman, Piper 1922, 1758; Elmer 888; Steptoe, Vasey 25; Rattlesnake Mountains, Co//on 413; Walla Walla, Brandegee 1175; Blue Mountains, Honker 491 ; Kittitas County, Vasey 92; Palouse City, F. D. Cloud, June 22, 1895. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 4. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro in Bentli. PI. Hartw. 342. 18-57. Aira elongata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1840. Type locality: "Sandy islands of the River Columbia." Collected Vj}" Douglas. Range: Britisii Columbia to Montana and California. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1664; San Juan Island, Lyall in 1858; Mason County, Kineaid, June, 1893; Montesano, Heller 4044, 3953a; Nisqually Valley, Allen 38; Seattle, Piper 843; Okanogan County, Sandberg & Leiherg 582; North Yakima, G H. Watt; Wenache, Whited 1302; Stehekin, Whited 1399; Roslyn, Wldted 477; Skamania County Flett 1372; Pullman, Piper 1741 ; Walla Walla, Brandegee 1174; Blue Mountains, Lake & Hull 70; Mount Carlton, Kreager 199; Tieton River, Cotton 50; Ellensburg, Vasey 389. Zonal distribution: Transition. TRISETUM. Lemmas awnless; panicle narrow 1. T . muficum. Lemmas awned. Panicle dense and spike-like 2. T. spicatum. Panicle loose and open. Sheaths pubescent , lemma 7 mm. long 3. T. canescens. Sheaths glabrous ; lemma 5 mm. long 4. T . cernuum. 1. Trisetum. muticum Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 11: 50. 1898. Trisetum suhspicalum muticum Boland.; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 296. 1880. Trisetum hrandegei Scribner, Bull. Torr. Clul) 10: 64. 1883. Type locality: "On the upper Tuolumne," California. Collected by Bolander. Range: California to Washington, east to Colorado. Specimens examined: Spangle, 5(/i:s(Zo?/ 949. Zonal distribution : Arid Transition. 2. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter, PI. Eur. 1: 59. 1890. Aria spicata L. Sp. PI. 1: 64. 1753. Aria subspicata h. Syst. Veg. ed. 10 : 873. 1759. Trisetum suhspicatum Beauv. Agrost. 88 and 180. 1812. Type locality: "Habitat in Lapponiae alpibus." Range: Alaska to Labiador, south to California, New Mexico, and North Carolina. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 125 Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, ZsZ/;(fr 1947; Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1860; Mount Rainier, Piper 2620, 1951; Mount Adams, Howell 423; Flett 1414; Yakima County, Henderson 2261, 2262; Loomis, Elmer 556; Klickitat River, Flett 1368; Blue Mountains, Piper, July, 1896; without locality, Samlberg Jt Leiberg 687. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 2a. Trisetum spicatum niolle (Michx.). Avena mollis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 72. 1803. Trisetum subspicaturn /nolle Gray, Man. ed. 2. 572. 1856. Type locality: "Hab. in Canada." Range: Alaska to New England and Oregon. Specimens examined: hoomh, Elmer 633 ■. Cascade Mountains, T'asey 386. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 3. Trisetum canescens Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 100. 1862. Type loc.vlity: "Oregon, Columbia Plains." Collected by Xuttall. Range: British Columbia to Idaho and California. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 1944, 1945; Seattle, Piper, June, 1891; Smith 1097; Olympia, Henderson, June, 1892; Montesano, Heller 3931; upper Niscjually Valley,. -!?/('«. 48; Mount Siuavt, Elmer 1143; Kamiak Butte, P(!>/", July 20, 1899; Palouse, F. D. Cloud, June, 1895; Blue Mountains, Horner 502, 518; Cascade Mountains, Wisey 483; Stehekin, Griffiths & Cotton 238. Zonal distribution: Transition. 5. Trisetum cernuum Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1: 61. 1830 (January). Avena nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 254. 1830. Trisetum sandbergii Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 378. 1896. Trisetum nutkaense Scribner & Merrill, Univ. Cal. Bot. Pui)l. 1 : (i3. ltK12. Type locality: "Ex Ins. Sitka." Range: Alaska to California and Idaho. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1946; Mount Rainier, Stnith 979: Longmire Springs, Smith, August, 1890; upper Nisqually Valley, Allen 42; Seattle, Piper, Smith 846; Wenache Region, Brandegee 1177; Pullman, Pijier, July 13, 1899; Klickitat River, Flett 1368, 1412: Blue Mountains, Lake d- Hull 64: Mount Stuart, Samlberg d- Leiberg 823. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. PHRAGMITES. 1. Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1880-83. Reed. Arundo phragmites L. Sp. PI. 1: 81. 1753. Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Type locality: "Flabitat in Europae lacubus, fluviis." Range: British Columbia to Quebec south to Georgia and California, Europe, Asia. Specimens examined: Ophir, Elmer 519; Columbia River, Scouler; Vr&\) Creek, Douglas County, Lake cfc Hidl 113; l)etween Yakima and Ellensburg, Piper. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. EATONIA. Panicle dense, erect; upper glume obova te 1. E. obtusata. Panicle lax, often drooping; upper glume oblanceolate 2. E. pennsylvanica. 1. Eatoiiia obtusata (Michx.) Gray, Man. ed. 2. 558. 1856. Aira obtusata Michx. Fl. 1: 62. 1803. Type locality: "Hab. in aridis, a Carolina ad Floridam." Range: Washington to Ontario and Massachusetts, southward to Arizona and Florida. 126 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Specimens examined: Wilson Creek, Lake & Hull, August, 1892; Wawawai, Elmer 1024; Brodie, June, 1898; Parker, A. D. Dunn; Priest Rapids, Cotton 1389; Prosser, Cotton 733. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 2. Eatonia peimsylvanica (DC.) Gray, Man. ed. 2. 558. 1856. Koeleria pennsylvanica DC. Cat. Ilort. Monsp. 117. 1813. Type locality: "Penn." Range: New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Texas. Specimens examined: Blue Mountains, Lake & Hull 61; Steptoe, Vasey 63; Usk, Kreager 358; Toppenish, Cotton 802. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. KOELERIA. 1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Syn. 1: 97. 1805. Aira cristata L. Sp. PI. 1: 63. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Angliae, Galliae, Ilelvetiae siccioribus." Range : British Columbia to Athabasca, southward to Arizona, Kansas, and Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountmns, Elmer 1668; Alki Point, Pipe/', June, 1891; Fidalgo Island, Lijall in 1858; Nisqually, Wilkes Expedition; Ophir, Elmer 513; Fort Okanogan, Wilkes Expedition; Wenache, Whited 1131; Douglas County, Spillman, May, 1896; Toppenish, Henderson 2210; Tieton River, Cotton 452; Rattlesnake Mountains, Cotton 411 ; Klickitat River, Flett 141 1 ; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1110 (a very pubes- cent form); Spokane, Piper 2723; Spok&ne, Kieager I (very pubescent): Clarks Springs, Kreager 70; Pullman, Piper 1757; Elmer 885; Steptoe, Vasey, June, 1900; Walla Walla, Leckenby, May, 1898; Blue Mountains, Horner 492; Kittitas County, Vasey 143; Palouse City, F. D. Cloud, June 22, 1895. Zonal distribution: Transition. This species is very variable and a critical revision of the genus may show it to consist of several subspecies. The European forms have been much subdivided in a recent paper by Domin. To several of his segregates he refers American specimens. ERAGROSTIS. Stems creeping; spikelets 10 to 3.5-flowered I.E. hypnoides. Stems erect; spikelets 7 to 10-flowered 2. El. luiescens. 1. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888. Poa hypmrides ham. Tabl. Encyc. 1: 185. 1791. Eragrostis repians Nees, Agrost. Bras. 514. 1829. Type locality: "E.x America merid." Range: New England to Washington, south to Florida, Texas, and California. Specimens examined: Kalama, Piper, October, 1901 ; Almota, Piper 1799; Vancouver, Sheldon 11266; Toppenish, Cotton 794. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition and Upper Sonoran. 2. Eragrostis lutescens Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 7. 1899. Type locality: "Sandy banks of Snake River, Almota, Washington." Range: Washington and Idaho. Specimens examined: Near Kennewick, ZTZme/' in 1897; Almota, Piper 2624. Zonal distribution : Upper Sonoran. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 127 MELICA. Lemmas notclied at apex, usually awned. Awns long. Xerves of the lemma hifsute 1. M. smilhii. Xerves of the lemma glabrous 2. M . aristata. Awns short or none 3. M. harfordii. Lennna not notched at apex, awnless. Apex of lemma long-acuminate 4. M . suhulata. Apex of lemma obtuse. Xot bulbiferous; spikelets 12 to 16 mm. long r>. M. .s'l-uia. Bulbiferous; spikelets much shorter. Spikelets shining, slender-peduncled, often nodding: plants not tufted 6. 3/. specfahilis. Spikelets dull, erect or ascending; plants tufted. Panicle strict; glumes membranous 7. .1/. Jiella. Panicle usually spreading: glumes coriaceous 8. M.fngax. 1. Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 294. 18S8. Arena snrdhii Porter; Gray, Man. ed. 3. 640. 1867. Melica re'rcfracta Suksdorf, Deutsch. Eot. Monatss. 19: S2. 1£01. Type locality: "Isle Royale, Keewenaw Point, Lake Superior." Range: Lake Superior to Washington and Oregon. Speclviens examined: Sumas Prairie, Z?/a7Z in 1858; without locality, Sandherg cfe Leiherg 504; Skamania County, Suksdorf 2334; Blue Mountains, Lake cfc FIuU 117. Zonal distribution: Canadian? 2. Melica aristata Tlmrb.; Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 103. 1S7(). Type locality: "Loose soil in open woods near Clark's, 4,000 fret altitude, 1866." California. Range: California to Washington. Specimens examined: Klickitat County, Suksdoif 73; Wenas, (rV;/^7/(.s tf" ^^W/an 93a. Zonal distribution: Transition. 3. Melica harfordii Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 102. 1870. Type locality: "Wooded hillsides, Santa Cruz road, near Lexington [California], June, 1865." Range: California to Washington. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Ehner 1936, 1938: Cascade Mountains, Vasey €r^ 580; Upper Atanum H'lver, Henderson 2214; Peshastin, Samlbergdc Lei&er^?, July, 1893; Wenache, G. i?. Fasey, July, 1889; Ellensburg, P(>e/-2616; Chelan, Griffiths <& Cotton 167; Stehekin, GAffiths & Cotton 239. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 7. Melica bella intonsa, subsp. nov. Leaves and culms covered with a dense short reflexed pubescence. Range: Washington to Nevada. Specimens examined; Wenas, Griffiths d' Cotton 103, June, lfi02 (type). 7a. Melica fugax madophylla, subsp. nov. Leaves and stems glabrous or nearly so. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Falcon Valle}-, Suksdoif Ql (type), 78, 16, .5; without locality Wilkes Expedition; Cascade Mountains, Vasey 9, 93. Melica bromoides Gray is included in Suksdorf's List, but there is no evidence that the species occurs in Washington. PL.EUROPOGON. 1. Pleuropogon refractum (A. Gray) Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13-: pi. 69. 1893. Lophochlaena refracla A. Gray, Pioc. Am. Acad. 8: 409. 1872. Type locality: Oregon. Collected b\' Hall. ,^ Range: Oregon and Washington west of the Cascades. Speclmens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1931; Piper; Seattle, Piper 886; Nisqually Valley, Allen 40; Stevens Pass, Sandberg d- Leiherg 734; White River, Vasey 360. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition to Canadian. DACTYLIS. 1. Dactylis glomerata L. Sp. PI. 1: 71. 1753. Orchard gra.ss. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae cultis ruderatis." Specimens examined: Waitsburg, T^orne/- 224. POA. Bluegrass. Annual: Icnmui without cobwebby hairs at base 1. P. annua. Perennial. Plants with creeping rootstocks. Stem flattened, 2-edged; panicles small 2. P. cornpressa. Stem cylindric. Lemma webbed, that is, with a tuft of long hairs at the base. PIPER— FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 129 Dioecious, seashore plant; spikelets 10 to 15 mm. long 3. P. macrantha. Perfect; spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long 4. P. pratensis. Lemma not webbed. Low seashore plant with narrow involute leaves and small panicle 5. P. conjinis. Taller grasses, not maritime, with flat or folded leaves. Florets loose; ligule very short, ciliate; lat- eral nerves of lemma prominent 6. P. nervosa. Florets close; ligide rather long, not ciliate; lateral nerves of lemma not prominent ...... 7. P. olneyae. Plants tufted, without rootstocks. Lateral nerves of lemmas prominent ; web present 8. P. trivialis. Lateral nerves of lemmas not prominent. Web present at base of lemma. Leaves flat or folded, not soft and flaccid. Panicle short, pyramidal; spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long; low alpine plant 9. P. arctica. Panicle ample, spreading; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long 10. P. triflora. Leaves flat, rather short, soft and flaccid. Panicle lax, spreading; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long; florets not early deciduous 11. P. leptocorna. Panicle narrow, the rays usually erect; florets early deciduous. Lemma glabrous, or nearly so 12. P. holanderi. Lemma puljescent 13. P. howellii. Web absent, no tuft of hairs at base of lemma. Nerves of the lemma pilose below. Alpine plant; leaf blades flat, green, broad 14. P. alpinn. Maritime plant; leaf blades narrow or folded, glaucescent 15. P. pachypholis. Nerves of lemma not pilose. Stems coarse, 60 to 100 cm. high. Leaves flat, rarely involute, green or rarely glaucescent; panicles ample. Ligules long. % Panicle compact, lemmas sca- brous 16. P. canbyi. Panicle looser; lemmas pubes- cent 17. P. leckenbyi. f Ligules short; panicle loose 18. P. ampla. Leaves narrow, involute, pale; panicles narrow, erect. Ligules short 19. P. hrach yglossa. Ligules long 20. P. neradensis. Stems not coarse nor tall, usually under 60 cm. in height. Leaves very narrow, filiform and involute. Panicles loose. Florets distant; ligule short. . . . 28. P. idahoen.iis. Florets close; ligule long 29. P. cajnllarifolia. 29418' -06 M 9 130 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Panicles close. Lemmas scabrous; leaves very scabrous 30. P. cottoni. Lemmas smooth ; leaves smooth. "iX. P. cusicMi. Leaves not filiform. Stems low, 5 to 20 cm. high; grasses of the highest mountains. Leaves soft: panicle purple, very short: plants .5 to 10 cm. high. 32. P. lettermani. Leaves rather rigid; panicle pale, narrow, elongated; plant 10 to 20 cm. high 33. P. sulcsdorfii. Stems taller, usually 20 to 40 cm. high; mostly grasses of rupestrine habitat. Panicle close, erect; leaves flat. Lemmas pubescent at base; leaves rather narrow, some- times folded 21 . P. sandbergii. Lemmas glabrous: leaf blades broader. Leaf blades soft 22. P. jmddensw. Leaf blades firm, veiy short 23. P. curtifolia. Panicles loose; leaves narrow, flat or involute. Ligules of the sterile shoots obsolete; of the culm leaves short and truncate 24. P. mnUnomae. Ligules well developed on all the leaves. Low plants 5 to 10 cm. high; panicle small, with divaricate rays and few spikelets. . . . 25. P. vaseyocJdoa. Taller; 10 to 30 cm. high ; panicle less spreading, with many spikelets. Panicle loose; glumes thin, blades involute. . 2G. P. (jrnciUhna. Panicle close; glumes firm, blades flat 27. P. saxatili'f. 1. Poa annua L. Sp. PI. 1: 68. 1753. TS-PE locality: "Habitat in Europa ad vias. " Specimens examined: Near Ellensburg, Piper 2617; Vasey 181; North Yakima, Watt, August, 1895; Southbend, Spillman, August 17, 1899; Steptoe, Vasey 1; Pullman, Piper 2769. Abundantly introduced, but in some localities apparently native. 2. Poa compressa L. Sp. PL 1: 69. 1753. C.\n.\d.\ eluegrass. Type locality*: "Habitat in Europae et Americae sepicntrionalis siccis, muris, tectis." PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 131 Specimens examined: Fairhaven, Piper 2605; Ellensburg, Piper 2618; Steptoe, Vasey 50; Colfax, Vasey 60. 3. Poa macrantha Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 11. 1888. Ti'PE locality: "At the mouth of the Columbia River.'' Collected by Howell. Range: Seacoast of Oregon and Wasliington. Specimens examined: Coupeville, Gardner 335; Clallam County, Elmer 1923; West- port, Henderson 2243; Heller 3944. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 4. Poa pratensis L. Sp. PI. 1: 67. 1753. Kentucky bluegrass. TiPE locality: "nabiiat in Europae pratis fertilissimis." Speclmens examined: Clallam County, E/zwer 1922, 1920; near Montesano, //f//f/- 3866; White River, Vasey 125; Cascade Mountains, Vasey 124; Sunnyside, Cotton 375; Spokane, Sandberg db Leiherg, May, 1893; Steptoe, Vasey 21; Colfax, Vasey, June 20, 1900; Pullman, Piper, June, 1893. 5. Poa confinis Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13-: pi. 75. 1893. Poa abbreriata R. Br. err. det. Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 312. 1880. Ti'PE locality: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, according to label on type specimen. Col- lected by Howell. Range: Alaska to Oregon. Specimens examined: Westport, Henderson 2245; Port Angeles, Piper 2308; Clallam County, Elmer 1921; Port Discovery, Wilkes Expedition; Port Orchard, Piper: Johns Island, Laurence 200; Ilwaco, Piper. Zonal distribution : Humid Transition. 6. Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13': pi. 81. 1893. Festnca nervosa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 251. 1840. Ti'PE locality: "Nutka Sound." Collected by Scouler. Range: British Columbia to Oregon. Specimens examined: Cape Horn, Piper 4901. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 7. Poa olneyae Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Type locality: Spokane, Washington. Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Idaho. Specimens examined: Klickitat River, Flett 1358; Falcon Valley, Siiksdorf 10; Mount Adams, Sulcsdorf 160; Cleveland, Siiksdorf 109; Simcoe Mountains, Howell 9; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1159; Atanum River, Henderson 2226; Upper Naches River, Henderson 2235; Spokane, Sandberg d-. Leiberg, May, 1893; Piper 2295, 2820; Wenache Mountains, Elmer 467, 468, 444; Whited 672; Cotton 1262, 1627, 1658. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. This species is near P. wheeleri Vasey and our plant has been referred to that species. 8. Poa trivialis L. Sp. PI. 1: 67. 1753. Rough meadow grass. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae pascuis." Specimens examined: Tacoma, Piper, July 5, 1897; Puyallup, Piper 3927, 3928. 9. Poa arctica R. Br. Suppl. to App. Parry's Voy. 288. 1824, Type locality: Melville Island. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to Washington and Colorado. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Allen 46; Piper 1966. Both these collections were distributed as Poa laxa Haenke. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 10. Poa triflora Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 2: 531. 1792. Poa serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 83. 1791, nom. nud. Type locality: Europe. 132 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Range: British Columbia to Nova Scotia, southward to Oregon, Nebraska, and New Jersey. Specimens examined: Fairhaven, Piper 2810, 2604; Montesano, Heller 4016; Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall in 1859; Seattle, Piper 1452; Ophir, Elmer 517; Spokane, Piper, August 7, 1898; Clarks Springs, Kreager 52; \]sk, Kreager 362-. Steptoe, Fasey 61. Zonal distribution: Transition. 11. Poa leptocoma Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1: 374. 1830. Type locality: Sitka. Range: Alaska to Washington. Siberia. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Flett 835; Mount Stuart, Sandherg cfc Lie- berg 806; Klickitat River, Cotton 1451; Mount Adams, S uksdorf lOS; Atanun; River, Heti- derson 2230; Wenache Mountains, Elmer 470; CoUon 1308; Clallam County, Elmer 1919. Zonal distribution: Iludsonian. All the Washington specimens that have been referred to Poa rejiexa belong to P. lep- tocoma. 12. Poa bolanderi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 32. 1882. Ty'PE locality: California. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Blue Mountains, Piper 2558; Homer 489, 490. 12a. Poa bolanderi chandleri (Davy). Poa howellii chandleri Davy, Univ. Cal. Bot. Publ. 1: 60. 1902. Type locality: "Shackleford Canon, near Marble Mt., Siskiyou County," California. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Blue Mountains, Piper 2558; Horner 651, 652; without locality, Vasey in 1889. 13. Poa howellii Vasey & Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. IS^: pi. 78. 1893. Type locality: Portland, Oregon. Collected by Howell. Range: British Columbia to California. Specimens examined; Clallam County, Elmer 1924; Seattle, Piper 963, 962; Smith 962; without locality, Suhsdorf. Zonal distribution; Humid Transition. 14. Poa alpina L. Sp. PI. 1: 67. 1753. Type locality; "Habitat in alpibus Lapponicis, Helveticis." Range; AlaskatoLabrador, south to Washington, Colorado, and Quebec. Asia. Europe Specimens examined: North Fork Bridge Creek, Elmer 675. Zonal distribution; Arctic. 15. Poa pachypholis Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 146. 1905. Type locality; "Ilwaco, Washington, on cliffs wet by the ocean spray, June 22, 1904." Not othei-wise known. 16. Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Glyceria canbyi Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 11: 77. 1883. Atropis canbyi Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 580. 1896. Type locality: Cascade Mountains, Washington. Collected by Tweedy and by Bran- degee. Specimens examined; Mount Stuart, Sandberg d- Leiherg 819: Cascade Mountains Tweedy; Wenache Mountains, Cotton 1708. 17. Poa leckenbyi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 2. 1899. . Type locality; Scott, Klickitat County, Washington. Collected by Leckenby. Range; Washington. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 133 Specimens examined: Sunnyside, Cotton 381; Douglas County, SpiUman, May, 1896; Scott, Leckenhij; near Eltopia, Cotton 1019. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 18. Poa ampla Merrill, Rhodora 4: 14.5. 1902. Poa laeviculmis Williams, Bot. Gaz. 36: 55. 1903. Type locality: Steptoe, Washington. Collected by G. R. Vasey. Range: British Columbia to Idaho and Oregon. Specimens examined: Sprague, Henderson 2224; Sandbenj d; Leiherg, June, 1893; Wawawai, LecJcenhy 3000: Piper 2567; Spokane, Piper, May, 1897; near North Yakima, Henderson, May, 1892; Falcon Valley, Sulcsdorf 1127; Douglas County, SpiUman, May, 1896; Pullman, Piper 1755; Elmer 173. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 19. Poa brachyglossa Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 145. 1905. Type locality: Douglas County, Washington. Collected by vSandberg & Leiberg. Range: Washington to Nevada and California. Specimens examined: Wenas, Griffiths c& Cotton 80; Prosser, Griffiths <& Cotton 1; Steamboat Rock, Griffi,ths & Cotton 432; Ephrata, Griffiths c£* Cotton 484; Brewster, Grif- fiths & Cotton 260, 264; Condons Ferry, Griffiths cfc Cotton 421; Grand Coulee, Griffiths c& Cotton 449; Coulee City, Piper 3916, 3917, 3918; Cold Creek, Cotton 402; Colville Reserva- tion, Gi'iffiths cfc Cotton 401, 374, 396 ; Cow Creek, Griffiths cfc Cotton 512, 536, 518, .548; Wawa- wai, Piper 3955, 4127. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran. 20. Poa nevadensis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 11: 66. 1883. Type locality: Arizona, according to the type specimen. Range: Washington to Arizona. Specimens examined: B'mgon, Suksdorf'IS'Sl. Zonal distribution; Upper Sonoran. 21. Poa sandbergii Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 276. 1893. Aira hrevifolia Pursh, Fl. 1: 76. 1814, not Poa hrerifolia Gaud. 1808. Poa incurva Scribn. & Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 6. 1899. Type locality: Lewiston, Idaho. Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Idaho. Specimens examined: Wenache Mountains, Griffiths cfc Cotton 115; Wenas, Griffiths cfc Cotton 66, 99; Chelan, Griffiths & Cotton 170, 173; Stehekin, Griffiths cfc Cotton 208; Con- conully, Griffiths cfc Cotton 305; Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1929; Washtucna, Cotton 979; Waitsburg, Horner 501; Steptoe, Vasey 8, 13, 7, 11, 14, 67; Rock Creek, Coi'ton 953; Saint Johns, Cotton 963; Olympic Mountains, Piper 1989. Zonal distribution: Mainly Arid Transition. All of the Wa.shington specimens that have been called Poa tenuifolia Nutt. or Poa iucJcleyana Nash are referable to P. sandhergii. 22. Poa paddensis Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 rev. ed.: 261. 1901. Poa purpurascens Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 297. 1881, not Spreng. 1819. Type locality: "On Mt. Hood, Oregon." Collected by Iloweil . Range: British Columbia to Oregon. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 1915; Flett 831; Elmer 1925, 1927, 1930; Bridge Creek, Elmer 675; Mount Rainier, Allen 184; Piper 1967; Atanum River, Henderson 2244; Mount Adams, Hoinell 83; Sulcsdorf 1.58, 159. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 23. Poa curtifolia Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 3. 1899. Type locality: Mount Stuart, Washington. Collected by Elmer. Specimens examined: Mount Stuart, Elmer 1148; Yakima Region, Tweedy in 1882. Zonal distribution : Arctic. 134 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 24. Poa multnomae Piper, Bull. Torr. Cluh 32: 435. 190.5. Spor-obolufi holanderi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1896, not Poa holanderi Vasey, 1882. Type locality: Multnomah Falls, Oregon. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Cape Horn, Piper 4902; Klickitat County, Sulsdorf 77. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 25. Poa vaseyocliloa Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 1. 1899. Poa pulchella Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: .32. 1882, not Salisb. 17%. Type locality: "On the Columbia r'ver, from near the river bank to the summit of the hills," Klickitat County, Washington. Collected by Suksdorf. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: White Salmon River, Suksdorf 2; Columbia River, Klickitat County, Sijksdorfl; Mountains, Klickitat County, Suksdorf, April 28, 1881. 26. Poa gracillima Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 272. 1893. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washington. Collected by Suksdorf. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Suhsdorf 33: Hoirell 86, 87: Henderson 2229; Mount Stuart, Elmer 11.53. 27. Poa saxatilis Scribn. & Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 1. 1899. Type locality: "Mt. Rainier, Washington, altitude 2100 meters." Range: Washington to California, in t'le mountains. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 1993, 983: EJmer 1928; Fleit 834, 97; Mount Rainier, Piper 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1154, 1155; Blue Moun- tains, Piper 2555. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 28. Poa idahoensis Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 539. 1896. Poa_^Zi/bZiaVasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 271. 1893, not Schur. 1866. Poa scabrifolia Heller, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 310. 1897. Poa spillmani Piper, Erythea 7: 102. 1899. Type locality: Hatwai Creek, Xez Perces County, Idaho. Range: Wa.shington -and Idaho. Specimens examined: Wenas, Grijfiths d: Cotton 94: Douglas County SpiJIrnan, May 27, 1896. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 29. Poa capilla.rifolia Scril)ii. & Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 1. 1899. Type locality: California. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Cleman iMountain, Heivlerson 22.38: Ellensburg, Piper 2614, 2615; opposite Clarkston, Hunter 42. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 30. Poa cottoni Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 146. 190.5. Type locality^: Rattlesnake Mountains, Yakima County, Washington. Range: Eastern Washington and eastern Oregon. Specimens examined: Rattlesnake Mountains, Cotton boi \ Griffiths 1400: \'an- couver. Piper 4905. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. The Heller and the Lamb specimens agree with the types Panicularia davyi and Glyceria leptostachya, characterized by having the lemmas puberulent-scabrous and the glumes small and thin. These characters seem to be too variable, however, to accept as specific. 140 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 3. Panicularia pauciflora (Presl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 783. 1891. Glyceria pauciflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 257. 1830. Panicvlaria flaccida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 55. 1903. Panicularia mvltifclia Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 54. Type locality: "In sinu Nootka." Range: British Columbia to California, eastward to Montana and Colorado. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, £'/?nfr 1939, 1942, 1941; Cascade Mountains, Lyall, in August, 1860; Seattle, Piper 810; Valley of Nisqually, Allen 49; Ellensburg, Whited 686; Vasey 363; North Yakima, Watt, August, 1895; West Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1137; North Palouse River, Vasey in 1901; near Colfax, Vasey 58; without local- ity, Sandierg cfc Leiherg 604, 507; Cow Creek, Griffiths d' Cotton 506; Clallam Coimty, Elmer 1940; Rock Lake, Lake & Hull 162. Zonal distribution: Transition. The original description of Glyceria pauciflora. does not apply well to our plant, but the name is here used as commonly applied. An examination of the type will doubtless show it to be different, perhaps not of this genus. 4. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 783. 1891. Poa nervata Willd. Sp. PL 1 : 389. 1797. Glyceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1 : 365. 1830. Type locality: "Habitat in America boreali." Range: British Columbia to Labrador, southward to California, Mexico, and Florida. Specimens examined: Ellensburg, Whifed 481 and July, 1897; North Yakima, Leck- erifty, June 1, 1898; Wilson Creek, Lake S Hull 95; Spokane Qonniy , Suksdorf \0b: Spo- kane, WiJkes Expedition; between Colfax and Almota, Brodie;Vn\oxx Flat, Piper, 3w\y 9, 1901; Shotgun Canyon, Palouse River, Fase?/, July 1, 1900; eastern Washington, Lake <& Hull 373; Davis' ranch, Kreager 224; Kittitas County, Vasey 126. Zonal distribution: Transition. Specimens collected by Tweedy and Brandegee and referred by Professor Scribner to Glyceria pallidaa are probal)ly a pale form of P. nervata. As we have not been able to find the specimens this is purely surmise. 4a. Panicularia nervata elata (Nash). Panicularia elata Nash, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 54. 1900. Glyceria latifolia Cotton, Bull. Torr. Club 29: 573. 1902. Type locality: "Sweet Grass Canon, Crazy Mountains," Montana. Range: British Columbia, Washington, Idaho. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall; Seattle, Smith 942; Stampede Pass, Henderson, October 4, 1892; west Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1136; Railroad Creek, Elmer 721; Mount Carlton, Kreager 274. Zonal distribution: Transition, especially Humid. 5. Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacMillan, Met. Minn. 81. 1892. Poa aquatica americana Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 108. 1824. Glyceria grandis Wats, in Gray, Man. ed. 6. 667. 1890. Ty'pe locality: Deerfield, Massachusetts. Range: New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Tennessee and Nevada. Specimens examined: Sumas Yr&me, Lyall in 1858; Montesano, Heller 4071; Van- couver, //omWZ 362; Loomis, £'Z7«er 628; Alma, £'Zmer 534; Ellensburg, Piper 2577; Waits- burg, Horner 229; Lake Chelan, Vasey 523; Cow Creek, Griffiths cfc Cotton 507. Zonal distribution: Transition. a Bull. Torr. Club 10 : 78. 1883. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 141 PUCCINELLIA. Panicle narrow, its base usually inclosed in the upper sheath, erect or the short lower branches sometimes divergent 1 . P. angustata. Panicle well exserted, the branches becoming divaricate or reflexed 2. P. distans. 1. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 512. 1895. Poa angustata R. Br. App. Parry's Voyage 287. 1824. Glyceria piimila Va.sey, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 48. 1888. Poa nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 : 272. 1830. Type locality : Melville Island. Range: Seacoasts, arctic regions south to Oregon and Maine. Specimens examined: Whatcom County, SuA'sdo// 1027. 2. PuccineUia distans (L.) Pari. Fl. Ital. 1: 367. 1848. Poa distans L. Mant. 1: 32. 1767. Type locality: "Habitat in Austria." Range: Seacoasts; subarctic regions south to Oregon and New Jersey. Europe. Specimens examined: Yakima City, Piper 2590; Wenas, Griffiths d- Cotton 102, 73; Seattle, Piper 1451; Clallam County, Elmer 1910. None of the above specimens are typical P. distans, but in the present confusion u( the genus they are tentatively so referred. BROMITS. Brome grass. Spikelets strongly flattened. Awns less than 7 mm. long. Leaves linear, somewhat involute, pilose 1. B. suhrelutinus Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, not pilose 2. B. marginatns. Awns more than 7 nnii. long. Panicle very broad, the longest rays 15 to 25 cm. long, droop- ing 3. B. sitchensis. Panicle large but the rays not droopino; ' . 4. 5. carinatus. Spikelets subterete, not strongly flattened. Native perennials mostly with loose and drooping panicles; lemma usually more or less long-hairy. Rays of the panicle not drooping. Panicle branches spreading, stiff; lemma scabrous or short-pubescent over the back 5. B. orcaitianus. Panicle short and erect; lemma pubescent on the sides. . 6. B. suksdorfii. Rays of the panicle drooping. Plant with rootstocks 7. B. laevipes. Plants without rootstocks. Lemma evenly pubescent. Panicle large, heavy ; culms stout 8. B. pacijicus. Panicle small; culms slender 9. S. eximius. Lemma unevenly pubescent 10. 5. richardsonii. Introduced annuals or biennials. . Awns much longer than the body of the narrow lemma. Lemma pubescent; awns 13 to 15 mm. long 14. B. tertontm. Lemma not pubescent. Awns 35 to 45 mm. long l\. B. tnaximus. Awns less than 30 mm. long. Panicle a dense head-like cluster 12. 5. rubens. Panicle loose 13. B. sterilis. 142 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Awns shorter than or scarcely exceeding the broad lemma. Awns minute or wanting 15. B. hrlzaeformis. Awn well developed. Panicle dense, small 16. B. hordeaceus. Panicle loose, open. Awn twisted and divaricate \1 . B. japonicus. Awn straight. Margins of the lemma inrollcd in fruit IS. B. secalinus. Marginn of t!ie lemma not inrolled in fruit . 19. B. mcemosus. 1. Bromus subvelutinus Shear, V. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23 : .52. 19(M. Type locality: Reno, Nevada. Range: Washington to Nevada and California. Specimens examined: North Yakima, Hunter 596. Zonal dlstribl'tion: Upper Sonoran. 2. Bromus marginatus Nees; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 322. 1854. Type locality: "Douglas legit ad fluv. Columbia, St. Louis." This is some undeter- mined point on the Columbia River. Range: British Columbia to Arizona and Colorado. Specimens examined: Fairhaven, Piper 2607; Whidby Island, Gardner 329; Wenache Lake, Vasey 103; Wenache, Whited 4; Wenache Mountains, Whited 1359; Skamania County, Fleit 1391; Klickitat River, Flett 1391; Ellensburg, Whited 440; Union Gap, Yakima River, Cotton 448; Tieton River, Cotton 484; Blue Mountains, Piper, 2565, July 15, 1896; Salmon River, Horner 511; Cold Creek, Cotton 401; Steptoe, Vasey in 1901; Walla Walla, Shear 1593; Klickitat County, Suksdorf 174; Yakima, Leclenhy in 1898. Zonal distribution: Transition mostly. This species has commonly but erroneously been called B. hreviaristatus Hook. 2a. Bromus marginatus seminudus Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 55. I9()(l Type locality: "On open mountain side 5 miles above Wallowa Lake, Oregon." Collected by Shear. Range: Washington to Montana, south to California and Utah. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 1990; Elmer 1956; Montesano, Heller 3979. Zonal distribution: Transition and Canadian. 2b. Brom.us marginatus latior Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 55. 1900. Type locality: "Walla Walla, Washington." Collected by Shear. Range: Washington to Wyoming, south to New Mexico and Arizona. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1958; Ellensburg, Piper, July 9, 1897; Yakima, Leckenhy, June 20, 1898: Steptoe, Vasey 23; Pullman, Piper 1738; Walla Walla, Shear 1615. Zonal dlstribution: Arid Transition. 3. Bromus sitchensis Trin. in Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 173. 1832. Type locality: Sitka. Range: Washington to Alaska along the coast. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, J. M . Grant, in 1889; Seattle, Piper 3014, 3013; Puyallup, Piper, September 2, 1899; Cascade Mountains, Lyall, in 1859. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 4. Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 403. 1841. Bromus hookerianus minor Scribner; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 614. 1896. Type locality: California. Range: California to Washington and Idaho. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 143 Specimens examined: Fairhaven, Piper 260; Seattle, Piper, May 30, ISflO, SIS in part; Taconia, Leclcenhy, in 1898; Blue Mountains, Lale cfc Hull 65; Walla Walla, Shear 1579; Almota, Piper 3561 ; Wawawai, Piper 3552; Horner 915; Walla Walla, .S'Aear 1579; Taconia, Lecl-enby in 1898. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Transition. 4a. Bromus carinatus hookerianus (Thurb.) Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. Agrost. 23: 60. 1900. Bromus hookerianus Tlnirb. in Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 493. 1S74, not Wiegel. 1772. Ceratochloa graruliflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2.53. 1840. Bromus virens Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 98. 1862, not Nees. 1829. Type locality: "Plains of the Columbia", according to the original description. "Upland dry' soils on the Multoonah [i. e., the Willamette], 1826", according to ticket on type specimen, collected by Douglas. Range: California to Washington and Idaho. Specimens exa.mined: Seattle, Piper 818; Lyle, F. W . Magan; Klickitat County, SuJcsdorf 16. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 5. Bromus orcuttianus \'asey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 1885. Type locality: "Near San Diego ", California. Range: South California to Washington. Specimens examined: Klickitat R'w ov, SiiJcsdorf 172; Mount Adams, ,S'»/^-.<(i:/o// 120. 6. Bromus suksdorfii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 1885. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washington. Collected by Suksdorf. Range: Oregon and Washington. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Suksdorf 620, 74. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian. 7. Bromus laevipes Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrosl. Bull. 23: 45. 19(X). Type locality: "On the Columbia River, west Klickitat County, Washington.' Range: California to Washington. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, Sulsdorf ITS. 8. Bromus pacificus Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 38. 1900. Bromus rnagnifcus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 53. 1903. Type locality: "In moist thickets near the seashore south of Seaside, Oregon." Range: Oregon to Alaska along the coast. Specimens examined: Snoqualmie Falls, Piper 3803; Clallam County, Elmer 19.57; Granville, ConarJ 343. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 9. Bromus eximius (Shear). Bromus vulgaris ej'imius Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 44. 1900. Bromus aliatus glaherrimus Suksdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monat.ss. 19: 93. 1901. Type locality: "Moist, open mountain side 4 miles above Wallowa Lake, Oregon." Collected b}' Shear. Range; Oregon and Washington. Specimens exa.mined: Upper Atanum River, Henderson, August 2, 1892; Skamania County, Suksdoi;/ 2335. 9a. Bromus eximius robustus (Shear). Bronnis vulgaris robustus Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 44. 1900. Type locality: "In moist thickets near the seashore, Seaside, Oregon." Collected b\' Scribner and Shear. Range; Oregon to British Columbia and Idaho. Specimens examined: Seattle, Ptjier 946; Montesano, Heller 3999, Mount Adams, Suksdorf 176. 144 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 9b. Bromus eximius unibraticus nom. nov. Browns vulgaris Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43. 1900, not Bromus purgans vulgaris Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 252. 1840, nor B. secalinus vulgaris Koch, Syn. 819. 1837. Type locality: Collected in the upper Nisqually Valley, Washington, by Allen (no. 41 ). Range: California to British Columbia, east to Montana and Wyoming. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer 1961, 1960; Seattle, Piper 945, 946; Tacoma, Flett 74; Nisqually Valley, Allen 41; Blue Mountains, Piper 2563; Lake & Hull 79; Horner 513, 514; Clarks Springs, Kreager 57; Tacoma, Leclcenhy; Klickitat River, Suksdorf 177; west Klickitat County, Suk:sdorf 175. Zonal distribution: Transition. This species was formerly confused with B. ciliatus L., which is not known from within our limits. 10. Bromus richardsordi pallidus (Hook.) Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 34. 1900. Bromus purgans pallidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 252. 1840. Type locality: "Saskatchewan to the Rocky Mountains." Range: Nebraska to Nevada and northward to the Arctic. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Elmer; Snoqualmie Falls, Piper 3803; White River, Vasey 378; Loomis, Elmer 559. Zonal distribution: Canadian or Hudsonian. 11. Bromus maximus Desf. Fl. Atl. 1: 9.5. 1800. Type localiiy: "Hab. in arvis," Europe. Specimens examined: Spokane, Leckenhy, .June 2, 1898. 11a. Bromus maximus gussoni Pari. Fl. Ital. 1: 407. 1848. Bromus gussoni Pari. Rar. PI. Sic. 2: 8. 1840. Type locality: Sicily. Specimens examined: Tacoma, Piper, July, 1897; Leckenhy in 1898. 12. Bromus rubens L. Cent. PI. 1: 5. 17.55. Ty'pe locality: European. Specimens examined: Bingen, Suksdorf 5077 . 13. Bromus sterilis L. Sp. PI. 1: 77. 1753. Type locality: European. Specimens examined: Pullman, Piper 2554; Stuart Island, Lawrence 169; Walla Walla, Shear 1616. 14. Bromus tectorum L. Sp. PL 1: 77. 17.53. Type locality; European. Specimens examined: Spokane, Piper, July, 1896; Pasco, Elmer 1047; Pullman, Piper, July 4, 1899; without locality, Sandberg iey 3076. 2. Elymus canadensis L. Sp. I'l. 1: S3. 1753. Sitanion brodiei Piper, Erythea 7: 100. 1899. Type locality: "Habitat in Canada. " Range: Canada to Washington, south to Georgia and Texas. Specimens examined: Ahiia, Elmer 518; Naches Valley, Piper 2584; Cokim.l)ia River, 46° to 49°, LyaJl in 1860; Box Canyon, Kreager 381; Pend Oreille River, Lyall in 1861; Wawawai, Brodie, July, 1898; Waitsburg, Piper 2.561; Horner, July, 1896; Kiona, Cotton Tl'!^; Mabton, Cotton 745; Parker, Dunn; Bishops Bar, Brodie, July, 1898. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition. 3. Elymus leckenbyi Piper. Sitanion Jeckenhiji Piper, Erythea 7: 100. 1899. Type locality: "Sandy bars of Snake River at Wawawai, Wash." Collected by Piper and Leckenby. Range: Eastern Washington. Specimens examined: Wawawai, Piper 3003, 3963, 3959, 3969, 3972; Leekenhy 86. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 4. Elymus aristatus Merrill, Rhodora 4: 147. 1902. Type locality: "Silver Creek, Plarney Co., Oregon." Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, Sulsdorf 5194, July 16, 1905. 5. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 99. 1862. Elymus antericanus Vasey & Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Plants 2: 245. 1888. Type locality: "Columbia River. " Collected by Nuttall. Range: Alaska to the Great Lakes, Missouri, and California. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Flett 839, 833; Fairhaven, Piper 2608; Mason County, Piper, July, 1890; Tacoma, Leekenhy, August, 1898; Falcon Valley, Sulcs- (Zo// 2151; Ellensburg, Whited 687; Yakima, Leekenhy, June 20, 1898; Wenache, Whited 1301; Wliitman County, Piper, July, 1894; Wind River, Fletl 1393; Wawawai, Piper, June, 1896, 2566, 2999, 3058; Blue Mountains, Lake & Hull 78, 82. Zonal distribution: Mainly Transition. 6. Elymus borealis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 9. 1900. Elymus eiliatus Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 57. 1898, not Muhl. Gram. 179. 1817. Ti'PE locality: "Common in wet places, Sitka, Alaska." Range: Alaska to Washington. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 1992; Flett 833; Elmer 1907. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian. 7. Elymus virginicus submuticus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 255. 1840. Elymus curvatus Piper, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 233. 1903. Type locality: "Cumberland House Fort, on the Saskatchewan." Range: Washington to Ontario and south to Kansas. Specimens examined: Box Canyon, Kreager 375. 8. Elymus virescens Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Type locality: "In damp coniferous woods, 3,000 ft. altitude, Olympic Mts., near the head of the Duckaboose River." Collected by Piper. Not otherwise known. 152 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 9. Elymus condensatus Presl, Rel. Ilaenk. 1: 265. 1S30. Type locality: " Ad Monte-Rey Californiac. " Range: British Columbia to Alberta, southward to California and Nebraska. Speclmens examined: Ophir, Elmer 523; Ellensburg, Piper 2588; Vasey 71; North Yakima, Watt 2210; Yakima, Piper 2592; Pasco, //en(7er.wn 2167; Klickitat County, S«i-s- dori 1172; Clarks Springs, Kreager 59; Pullman, Pijier 1751; Steptoe, Vasey 64; Wawa- wai. Piper 2593. Zonal disthibittion: I'pper Sonoran and Arid Transition. 9a. Elymus condensatus pubens Piper, Erythea 1: 101. 1S99. Type locality: "In strong alkali soil near Yakima City, Wash." Collected by Piper.. Known only from the original locality. 10. Elymus arenarias L. Sp. PI. 1: 83. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat ad Europae litora marina in arena mobili. " Range: On sea and lake shores, Greenland to Labrador, Ala.ska to Washington and the Great Lakes. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Fairhaven, Piper 2606; Whatcom, Swiw/o// 1028; Clallam County, Elmer 1906; Seattle, Piper 813; Westport, Hemlerson 2169. Zonal distribi'tion: Humid Transition. 11. Elymus flavescens Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 8. 1897. Type locality: Columl)us, Klickitat County, Washington. Collected l)y Suksdoif. Range: Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Specimens examined: Klickitat County, Leclriihy, May, 1898; Columl)us Svksdoij 916; Eureka, Nelson, July 4, 1899. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 12. Elymus vancouverensis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 48. 1888. Type locality: Vancouver Island. Collected by Macoun. Range: Seacoast of Washington and British Columbia. Specimens examined: Coupeville, ^^Torr/nfr, September 1, 1899; Seattle, P?"7)er 812, 2858; Howell 207. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 13. Elymus triticoides Buckl. Proc. Acad. Piiila. 1862: 99. 1862. Type locality: " Rocky Mountains." Range: Washington to Colorado, Arizona, and California. Specimens examined: Kittitas County, Sandberg c& Leiberg 437; Ellensburg, Piper 2586; Whited 519; North Yakima, Henderson 2172; Klickitat County, Suksdorf 2124; Wawawai, Piper 1911, 3066; Elmer 1021; Walla Walla, Leckenby 90; North Yakima, Griffiths & Cotton 334; Colville Reservation, Griffitls & Cotton 364; Seattle, Howell 206 « Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. 14. Elymus arenicola Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 7. 1899. Type locality: "Suferts, Oregon." Collected by A. B. Leckenby. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Rockland, Klickitat County, SuksdorJ 1176; Walla Walla, Leck- enby, May, 1898; without locality, Sandberg cfc Leiberg 466, 468; Brandegee 1202. Zonal distribution: Upper Sonoran. This species has been referred erroneously to E. dasyslac/iys litloralis Griseb. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 106 SITANION. Glumes cleft or parted into 3 to many lolx's; awns of Icmiuas S to 10 cm. long.. 1. jS'. juJititinn. (rlumes entire or only 2-cleft or 'i-paited. Nerves of the glumes two. Glumes entire; lemma glaucous, 1 cm. long 2. S. hrevij'olinm. Glumes or some of them l)iH(l or 2-parted. Sheaths and upper surface of leaves glahrous. Leaves strongly involute 0. S. hasallicohi. Leaves flat or tardily involute. Blades 5 to 7 mm. broad .5. iS'. ler 1934; Blue Mountains, Lake d' Hull 371. Zonal distribution: Transition. 25. Carex festucacea brevier (Dew.) Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 32: 477. 1902. Carex straminea hrerior Dew. Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 158. 1826. Type locality: "Grows with the other [i. e. C. straminea] also in Missouri." Range: British Columbia and Washington to New England and Arkansas. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, SulcsdorflS, 74, 613; Spokane, Henderson, July 10, 1892; Toppenish, Henderson 2070; without locality, Vasey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 26. Carex feta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Clul) 20: 417. 1893. Carex straminea mixta Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 151. 1886, not C. mixta Miegev. 1865. Type locality: California.' Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Vancouver, Piper 6477; Falcon Valley, ly c(jllected ])v Brandegee. 64a. Carex nudata versuta nom. nov. Carex apierta angusiifolia Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. 18.39, nom. nud. Carex nudata angustifolia Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1 : 16. 1889. Type locality: "Fort Good Hope, Mackenzies River." Collected by Richardson. Range: Oregon, Washington, and northward. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall. 65. Carex occidentalis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 14. 1889. Carex muricata americana Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 140. 1886. Type locality: "Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona." Collected by Pringle. Range: Washington and Montana to Arizona. Specimens examined: Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1297 . 66. Carex oregonensis Olney: Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 73. 1886. Carex halliana Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 117. 1884, not C. hallii Olney. 1871. Carex oregonensis Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407. 1872, nom. nud. Type locality: Oregon. Collected by Hall. Range: Oregon and Washington. 172 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Suksdorf 6S, 52; Howell 97; Skamania County, Flett 1380; Yakima County, Henderson, August 12, 1882. 67. Carex pachystoma Holm, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 20: 302. 1905. Type locality: Crater Lake National Park and Klamath County, Oregon; Mount Adams and west Klickitat County, Washington. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, 5wfedor/" 4248, 2959. 68. Carex paddoensis Suksdorf, Allg. Bot. Zeitschrift 12: 43. 1906. Type locality: Mount Paddo (Adams). Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Allen 172; Piper 2541 ; Mount Adams, Howell 92. Zonal distribution: Arctic. This species is related to C. hreiveri and C. engelrnanni, to both of which species it has erroneously been referred. 69. Carex pansa Bailey Bot. Gaz. 13: 82. 1888. Type locality: "Very abundant in drifting sand as well as borders of sea estuaries, Clatsop, Oregon, and Ilwaco, Washington Territory." Collected l)y Henderson. Range: Sea coast of Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Westport, Henderson in 1892; Ilwaco, Piper 6437. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 70. Carex paucifiora Lightf. Fl. Scot. 2: 543. /. C. 1777. Type loc.vlity: "In the isle of Arran," Scotland. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to Washington and Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Mount Con.stitution, Henderson 2056; Weiser Lake, SvJcsdorf 1015. Zonal distribution: Canadian. 71. Carex phaeocephala nom. nov. Carex leporina americana Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407. 1872, nom. nud.; 22: 152. 1SS6. not C. muricata americana Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 140. 18S6. Type locality: Oregon. Collected by Hall. Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 2553; Mount H&imor, Piper 2.5.35: Allen, August 14, 1895; Mount Adams, Suksdorf 8, 9, 10, 592; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1133; Cascade Mountains, Tweedy 10. Zonal distribution: Arctic. This species has been considered to be the same as C. preslii Steud., based on the C. lepo- rina L. of Presl in Reliquiae Haenkeanae. The type of C. preslii came from the shores of Nootka Sound, and there is scarcely a possibility that the high alpine C. leporina americana can be the same. It is much more likely that C. preslii is a form of C.festiva. C. petasata Dewey, the type of whivh is in the Gray Herbarium, is a very different species from C . phaeocephala. 72. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Gram. Descr. 2.39. 1817. Type localiti': "Habitat in Pennsylvania." Range: Washington; Massachusetts to North Carolina. Specimens examined: Skamania County, Suksdotf 2895. 73. Carex prionophyUa Holm, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 15: 423. 1902. Type locality: "Divide between St. Joe and Clearwater rivers," Idaho. Range: Washington and Idaho. Specimens examined: Mount Carlton, Kreager 264. 74. Carex piilchella Holm, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 13: 457. 1903. Carex hallii Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 82. 1886, not C. hallii Olney. 1871. Type locality: Oregon. Collected by Hall. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 173 Range: Wasliingtoii to C'iilii'uriiia. Specimens examined: Klickitat Meadows, FJett 1357, 1365; without locality, Vasey in 1889; Falcon Valley, Swi-w/o// 816, 1284. 75. Carex pyrenaica Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Akad. Hand!. 24: 139. 1803. Type locality: "Hab. in Pyrenaeis." Range: Ala.ska to Colorado and California. Asia. Europe. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Flett 825; Elmer 2722; Mount Rainier, Piper 2540; Allen 171; Mount Adams, Snksdorf 28. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 76. Carex raynoldsii Dew. Am. Journ. Sci. II. 32: 39. 1861. Carex lyallii Boott. 111. 1.50. pi. 483. 1858. Type locality: "Pierre's Hole, Snake River Valley, alt. 6,000 ft." Collected by Hay den. Range: Wyoming to Montana, westward to California and British Columbia. Specimens examined: Mount Chapaca, Kinder 580, Mount Adams, Hender.son, August, 1892 ; Wcnache Region, Brandeyee 1 143 : Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall (type of C. lyallii); Wenache Mountains, T'oZ/o?) 1240. Zonal distribution: Canadian and Iludsonian. 77. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 71. 1824. Type locality: Massachusetts. Range: British Columbia to Saskatchewan, southward to Washington and Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Peshastin, SaJidbery tfc Leiherg 592; Loomis, Elmer 616; Waits- burg, Horner 29; Clarks Springs, Ereager 566; Priest Rapids, Cotton 1379. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran. 78. Carex richardsoni R. Br. in Richards. Bot. App. Frankl. Journ. 751. 1823. Type locality: British America "In the wooded countiy from latitude 54° to 64° north." Range: Saskatchewan to New York, South Dakota, and Washington. Specimens examined: Near Waitsburg, Horner 208. 79. Carex rigida hesperia nom. nov. Carex indgari.s bracfeosa Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: SI. 1886, not C. bracteo.sa Schwein. 1824. Type locality: "Ebbett's Pass, California, alt. 8,000 feet." Collected by Brewer. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, Tweedy 19, 24; mountains north of Ellens- burg, Brandegee 1142; Mount Rainier, Allen 269; Piper 2533 in part; Mount Adams, SuJcsdorf 16, 17, 36. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 80. Carex rossii Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 222. 1839. Carex dejlexa rossii Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 207. 1S85. Carex deflexa media Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1 : 43. 1889. Type locality: "N. W. Coast, Z>ou^Zas; Rocky Mountains, Drummond." Range: British Columbia to Colorado and Oregon. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2718; Coupeville, Gardner 343; Mount Rainier, Allen 168; Mount Adams, Henderson 2094; SuJcsdorf 24; Klickitat River, Suks- dorf 48; Hangman Creek, Sandberg & Leiberg 30; Kamiak Butte, Piper 3094; Blue Mountains, Horner 480; Mount Rainier, Piper 2543, 2552, 2537; west Klickitat County, Suhsdorf 77; Olympia, Hender.wn 2093; Wenache Region, Brandegee 1145. Zonal distribution: Arctic to Transition. It is exceedingly probable that all the Oregon and Washington specimens that have been referred to C. varia Muhl. and C novae-angliae Schwein. are in reality forms of C rossii. 174 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 80. Carex rostrata Stokes; With. Bot. Air. Brit. Veg. ed. 2. 1059. 1787. Carex ainpullaceaGoodvnough, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 207. 1794. Type locality: "Bogs of Isla, and on Bentelkerny in Breadalbane," Great Britain. Range: British Columbia to Newfoundland south to New York, Utah, and California. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, *SuZ:s(^o?/ 1278. 81. Carex scirpoidea Michx. Fl. 2: 171. 1803. Carex pseudoscirpoidea Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 78. 1900. Ty'pe locality: "Ad sinum Hudsonis." ^Range: Alaska to Greenland, south to New England and Washington. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 2243; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1126^ Skagit Pass, Lake c& Hull 408; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 684. Zonal distribution: Arctic. The western form is somewhat larger and broader-leaved as a nile, a difference we con- sider too slight to warrant separating it as a distinct species as has'been done by Rydberg. 82. Carex scoparia Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 230. 180.5. Type locality: "Habitat in America boreali." Range: British Columbia to Nova Scotia south to Colorado and Florida. Specimens examined: Vancouver, Henderson, June 12, 1892. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 83. Carex scopulorum Holm, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 14: 422. 1902. Type locality; "In the region of Clear Creek Canon" Colorado. Range: Washington to Montana and Colorado. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Piper 2247; Flett 826; Mount Rainier, Allen 170; Piper 2533 in part; Little Klickitat River, Henderson, August 4, 1892; Horse- shoe Basin, Elmer 729; Lake & Hull 407; Mount Adams, Su^srfor/ 4246, 4247. Zonal distribution: Arctic and Hudsonian. 84. Carex siccata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 278. 1826. Type locality: Westfield, Massachusetts. Range: Alaska to Ontario, south to Oregon and New York. Specimens examined: Mount Baldy, Wenache Mountains, Cotlon 17.57. 85. Carex sitchensis Prescott in Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 169. 1832. Carex howellii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1 : 45. 1889. Type locality: Sitka. Range: Alaska to Oregon along the coast. Specimens examined: Shoalwater Bay, Henderson 1783; Mount Constitution, Heiv- derson 2086. Zonal distribittion; Humid Transition and CanadiaiL 86. Carex specifica Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 21. 1889. Type locauty; "California, Silver Valley, head of Toulumne River, and Ebbett's Pass." Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, SmA-w/oa/ 3099. 87. Carex spectabilis Dew. Am. Journ. Sci. 29: 248. pi. 10. f. 76. 1836. Carex invisa Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 82. 1887. Type locality: "Found in the Arctic Regions." Range: British Columbia to California. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Allen 194a, 195a; Piper 2545, 2538; Smith, August, 1890; Mount- Adams, Suksdorf 39, 76; Skagit Pass, Lake d- Hull 402, 407; Fort Vancouver; Olympic Mountains, Flett 826. Zonal distribution: Arctic. Our species has erroneously been referred to C. podocarpa R. Br., a fjuite different plant. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHTNGTON, 175 88. Carex stellulata Good. Trans. Linn. 800. 2: 144. 1794. TiPE locality: England. Range: Alaska to Laljrador south to Calil'oiiiia and Maryland. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Stevens Pass, Sandberg & Leiherg 761; Lake Keeclielus, Henderson in 1892; Mount Constitution, Henderson, July, 1892. Zonal distribution: Canadian. 88a. Carex stellulata excelsior (Bailey). Carex sie?-Uis excdsior Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 424. 1893. Carex echinata excelsior Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 484. 1902. Type locality': None given. Range: British Columbia and Oregon to Newfoundland and North Carolina. Specimens examined: Seattle, Piper 1111: Vancouver, Piper 6444. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 88b. Carex stellulata ormantha (Fernald). Carex echinata ormantha Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 483. 1902. Type locality': Strawberry Creek, Eldorado County, California. Range: Washington to California. Connecticut. Specijviens examined: Mount Adams, Henderson, August, 1892. 89. Carex stipata Muhl. : Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 233. 1805. Type locality: Pennsylvania. Range: British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to California and Florida. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, 6^/071/ in 1889; Clallam County, Elmer 270.5; Seattle, Pi7)C/- 998; North Yakima, G^r;^ //is cf-CW/o/i 62; EUensburg, Whited 511; Pes- hsLstin, Sandberg d' Leiherg 589; west Klickitat County, Sulsdorf 29; Cascade Mountains, Tweedy 17; Blue Mountains, LaTce d' Hull 377; Pullman, Piper, July, 1893; Vancouver, Piper 6438. Zonal distribution: Transition. 90. Carex straminiformis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 24. 1889. Carex straminea congesta Boott: Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 393. 1868, not Carex congesta Meyer. 1858. Type locality: Mount Shasta, California. Collected by Brewer. Ranc;e: California, Oregon, and Washington. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, Howell, August, 1882; Henderson, August 7, 1882; SuJcsdorf. Zonal distribution: Arctic? 91. Carex tenella Schkuhr, Riedgr. 23./. 70 J. 1801. Type locality: Unknown. Range: New Jersej' to California and northward. Specimens examined: Klickitat River, Sulsdorf 73. 92. Carex teretiuscula ampla Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 53. 1889. Type locality: "Quaking bogs, head of Burnt River, E. Oregon." Collected by Cusick. Range: Washington, Oiegon, Idaho, and British Colimibia. Specimens examined: Seatth, Piper 1002; Tacoma, Fleti 210; Nisqually Valley, ^7?P7? 165; Coupeville, Gardner 308; McAllisters Lake, Henderson, June 22, 1892; Marshall Junction, Piper 2282; Pend Oreille River, Lgall in 1861 ; 'N'ancouver, Piper 6445. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 93. Carex unibellata brachyrhina rem. nov. Carex mnbellafa brevirostris Boott, 111. 2: 99. t. 2O4. 1860, not C. breiiroslris Cederstr. 1857. 176 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Type locality: "Carlton House." Collected by Richardson. Range: British Columbia to Saskatchewan and Maine south to California and New Mexico. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Allen 168; Coupeville, Gardner 343; Hangman Creek, Sandhercj c{' Leiberg 30; Olympia, Henderson 2093. 94. Carex usta Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1: 20. 18S9. Carex dovglasii brunnea Olney, Bot. King Explor. 363. 1871, not C brunnea Thunberg. Type locality: California. Range: Washington to Nevada and California. Specimens examined: Colville Reservation, Grijfiths ct Cotton 408; Kittitas Valley, Cotton 1216. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 95. Carex utriculata Boott in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 1839. Type locality: British America. Collected by Richardson. Range: Alaska to Labrador south to California and Delaware. Specimens examined: Lake Wenache, Sandbtrg & Leiberg 640; Seattle, Pifer 994; Tacoma, Flett 208; Clealum Lake, Cotton 846; Stehekin, Griffiths & Cotton 210; Mission, Griffiths cfc Cotton 490; Loomis, Griffiths d; Cotton 332; Cow Creek, Griffiths cfc Cotton 497; Railroad Creek, Elmer 758; Marshall Junction, Piper Till; Waitsburg, Horner 202; Mount Adams, Henderson 2095; Mount Adams, Suksdorf 1278. Zonal distribution: Transition, mainly. 96. Carex vernacula Bailey, Bull. Torr. Clul) 20: 417. 1893. Carex foetidd "All." of American authors. Type locality: "Colorado and Wyoming." Range: Washington to California and Colorado. Specimens examined: Mount Adams, 6' i/A-sr/o?/ 812; Henderson. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 97. Carex vespertina (Bailey) Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 705. 1903. Carex pennsylvanica vespertina Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1 : 74. 1889. Type locality: "Dry hills near the Cascades of the Columbia," Oregon. Collected by Howell and by Henderson. Range: Oregon to British Columbia. Specimens examined: Waitsburg, Horner 208; Olympia, Henderson 2077; Chiquash Mountains, Sul-srto/;/" 2990; Mount Adams,6'MA-sr/o?/292,437,23,67; Henderson 2078; Klick- itat River, Flett 1406. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. Specimens of this have been referred to C. globosa Boott, a species which seems not to occur in Washington. 98. Carex vicaria Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 49. 1889. Type locality: "Oregon and California." Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Vancouver, Piper 6439. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 99. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fl. 2: 169. 1803. Type locality: "In Canada et Nova Anglia." Range: Washington to New Brunswick, south to Florida and Texas. Specimens examined: West Klickitat County, Sul-sdorfV298; Ophir, Elmer 516; Cusick, Piper, September, 1903; Usk, Kreager, August 16, 1902. Zonal distribution : Arid Transition. Besides the above listed species in this difficult genus a number of others have been reported from the region, but there is too much uncertainty regarding them to warrant PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 177 their inclusion. Carex incixa Boott'' is hasccl on Geyer's spt'ciaicn collected in "ricli movild; thickets of the fertile jjlair.s above Colville." The brief description is as follows: "DifTert a C. scahrata Schkuhr perigyniis Lievibus, etc., squaniis foemineis viscidis, etc., F. B." It luis not been identilied. 6'«rc,/' /owa Schk., reported in Hooker's Flora 6 as collected b}' Scouler 0:1 tiie CV)]unibia Kivei-, luis i;ot since been found in this region. Other species reported fro.u the Columbia liiver in Hooker's Flora are 0. strida'L&m., C. angustata Boott, C. lagopodlouA's Schk. (C. trlbvloldes Vv^JiI.) i.::d C. straminea Schk. As none of these have recently' been collected, it is quite cerlaii. that the specimens will be found to represent otJier species. ARACEAE. Arum Famh.y. LYSICHITON. 1. Lysichiton camtschatcense (L.) Scliott, Prodr. Aroid. 421. ISfiO. Skunk cabbage. Sy)ti]>locar])us katriffichaiiois Bo:ig. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. \\. 2: liJS. 1,S82. Dracontium curntschatcense L. Sp. PI. 2: 'J68. 17.53. Type locality: "Habitat iii Sibiria." Hanue: Alaska to California and Idaho. Siberia. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Ehne?' 2786; Seattk-, Piper, July, ISila; Silverton, BoucJc 174; upper Nisqually Valley, Allen 210; Wcnache Lake, Sandherg d; Leiberg 042; Yakima Pass, Watson 400; Nason City, Sandherg d: Leiberg, July, 1893; Marshall Junction, Piper, July, 1896; Davis Ranch, Kreager 295. Zonal distribution: Transition. LEMNACEAE. Duckaveed Famha'. Tiialloid shoot with 1 root Lemna. Thalloid shoot with several roots Spibodela. LEMNA. Thalloid shoot nearly circular, 1..5 to 5 mm. long 1. L. minor. Tiiailnid shoot oblong, stalk-like at l)ase . 2. L. Irisiilca. 1. nemna minor L. Sp. PI. 2: 970. 1753. Type locality: Europe. Range: Nearly cosmopolitan. Specimens examined: Wliidby Island, Gardner 429; Eliensburg, Piper, May, 1897; North Yakima, Henderson 2534; Wnitsburg, Horner, July, 1896; Me^'ers Falls, Kreager 515. 2. Lenina trisulca L. Sp. PI. 2: 970. 1753. Type locality: Europe. Range: Throughout North America. Asia. Europe. Specimens examined: Coupeville, Gardner 430; near Seattle, Tar/e/on. SPIRODELA. 1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Liimaea 13: 392. 1839. Lemna polyrhiza (L.) Sp. PI. 2: 970. 1753. Type locality: Europe. Range: Nearly cosmopolitan. Specimens examined: Whidby Island, Gardner 428; Seattle, Piper, August, 1897. « Boott; Hook. Journ. Bot. 7: 377. 1869. &Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 212. 1839. 29418—06 M 12 178 CONTKIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pondweed Family. HETERANTHERA. 1. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Met. Miun. V.iH. 1892. Comirielina duoia Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3 : 9. j>l. 59. 1768. SchoUera graminifolia Willd. Neue. Sclir. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 3: 438. 1801, iioiu. iiud. Heteranthera graminea Vahl, Enum. 2: 45. 1806. Leptanthus gramineus Michx. Fl. 1 : 25. 1803. Type locality: The type specimen is Clayton's nmnbcr 814, probaljly from Virginia. Range: Washington to Ontario, south to Mexico and Florida. Specimens examined: Hangman or Latali Creek near Marshall Junction, Sulcsdorf. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. Leal" slleaths open; capsule 1 or 3-celled, many-seeded; placentae pari- etal or axial JuNCUS (p. 178). Leaf sheaths closed; capsule 1-ceIled, 3-seeded; placenta ba.sal Juncoiues (p. 184). JUNCUS. Rush. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence appearing like a continualiim of the stem, the inflorescence therefore seemingly latei'al. Flowers in compound panicles, usually numerous. Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem. Perianth green ; panicle loose \. J . cffusus. Perianth brown; panicle close la. J. effvsus hesperius. Stamens 6. Perianth green; leaf of the inflorescence as long as the stem 2. J.filifonnis. Perianth parts brown, a green stripe each side of the midrib. Flowers 3 to 4.5 mm. long 3. J. halticua. Flowers 5 to 6 mm. long 4. J. lescurii. Flowers few, 1 to 3 in each cluster. Inner sheaths bristle-tipped; capsule retuse. 5. J. snhtrijjorus. Inner sheaths leaf-bearing; capsule acute 6. J. parryi. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of tlie stem. Leaves not provided with cross-partitions, either flat and grass-like or terete and channeled. Flowers bracteolate, loosely scattered or somewhat con- gested but not in heads. Annuals; stems branched, leafy. Stamens 6; flowers loosely scattered. Capsule oblong 7.-7. hifonius. Capsule globose 8. J. sphacrocarpus. Stamens 3. Inflorescence 1-flowered; bract 1 9. J. nnciaJis. Inflorescence few-flowered; bracts 2 or more, style slioi't 10. r/. Jiniclnistylus. Perennials; stems simple. Perianth segments 2.5 to 4 mm. long; capsule 3-celled; panicle close 11.,/. cuiifiisus. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 179 Perianth .sci^imcnts 3.5 to 5.5 nun. long; capsule l-cello(l. Panicle loose; (lowers palo green 12. -/. f< niils. Panicle close : (lowers fuscous 13../. occ'idcutdlts. Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads. Auricles of the leaf-sheaths w.anting; j)eriantli parts minutely roughened. Perianth shorter than the capsule; heads sev- eral to many, 3 to .5-flowered 14. ,/. coriUei. Perianth longer than the capsule. Seeds not tailed. Flowers in 1 , rai'ely 2 or 3, large heads . 15. J .J'ulcatus. Flowers in 3 to 20 small heads IG. ./. orthophijIhiK. Seeds tailed 17. ./. reijclli. Auricles of the leaf-sheaths present; perianth parts smooth 18. ./ . /oii'jistij/is. Leaves provided with distinct cross-partitions. Blades of the leaves equitant. Heads pale, numerous; st aniens G; plant tall 28. ./. (i.njimfis:. Heads browii or black. Stamens 6; heads solitaiy; stemsnot 2-edged. . 2i). ./. iii(/i(iisianu,s. Stamens 3 (rarely 6); stems 2-edged. Flowers in 2 to several dense nearly black heads. 27. ./. (n.^ifoliu.^. Flowers in many brown heads 27a. J. cnsifoUus majur. Blades of the leaves cylindric or only slightly compressed. Stamens 3 li). ,/. (icuiiiinatiis. Stamens 6. Capsules subulate; heads many-flowered. Leaf blades erect; inner perianth parts longer than the outer 22. ./. nodosus. Leaf blades spreading ; outer perianth parts longer than the inner 23. ./. fniTciji. Capsules not subulate. Heads pale, few-flowered; capsules oblong- lanceolate. Perianth segments less than 5 mm. long 20. J. richardsonlanus. Perianth segments over 5 nun. long. . 21. J. oreganus. Heads Ijrown; capsules ol)k)ng, abruptly acute. Perianth pak- brown; seeds reticu- lated, the longitudinal striae 20 to 26 24. J . colunibiamis. Perianth dark brown; seeds about 15- striate. Stout 60 to 100 cm. high; heads several or many; capsule shorter than the perianth 25. ./. xulsdorfi. Slender 20 to 40 cm. high; heads few; capsule as long as the perianth 26. J. badins. 180 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 1. Juncus eflfusus L. Sp. PI. 1: 32G. 1753. "i Juncus effusvs gracilis Hook. V\. Bor. Am. 2: H;0. 1S38. Type locality: European. Range: Subarctic and temperate Norili America. Emope. Asia. Specimens examined: Mason County, Kincaid, June, 1892; King Couiuy, Sul'sdurf 1010; Seattle, Piper 1029; Everett, Piper. Zonal distribution. Humid Transition. la. Juncus effusus hesperius noni iiqv. Juncus effusus hrunneus ??ngelm.. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 491. 18()8, not ,/. ttiiageja hrunneus Neilreicii 1859. Type locality: Ccrro Leon, Mexico. Kance: Washington to California near the seacoast. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2728; Montesano, Heller 3970; Olympic Mountains, Grant; Chauibers Lake, Ilerulerson, August 23, 1892; Lillewaup, Henderson 18(i0; without locahty, Coo;)^/' in 1852; Klickitat County, Su^-scZorf 2157; Everett, Pipe/-. Zonal distribution : Humid Transition. 2. Juncus filiformis L. Sp. PI. 1: 326. 1753. Type locality: Euiopean. Hange: British Columbia to Lal)rador, south to Colorado and Pennsylvania. Eurojje. Asia. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, 49°, iyaZZ; Skamania County, Sulsdorf 21G; Nason City, Sandberg cfc Leiberg 602; Rogers Lake, Elmer 717. This species has been mistaken for J. patens Meyer, and we believe that all W'asiiington references to the latter really belong to J . jiliformis. 3. Juncus balticus Willd. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin. Mag. 3: 298. 1809. Type locality: "Bei Warnemiindc," Germany. Range: Alaska to Labrador, south to California, Nebraska, and New York. Europe. Asia. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2730; Whidby Island, Gardner 299; Fidalgo Island, Lyall in 18.58; Lake Osoyoos, Lyall in 1860; Falcon Valle\', Sul£sdorf2\A(i, 214, 215; Egbert Springs, Sandberg & Leiberg 404; Seattle, Smith 1021; Longmire Springs, Piper, August, 1895; Wenache, WMted 1422; Ellensburg, ^YUted in 1897; North Yakima, Henderson 2554; Wilbur, Henderson, July, 1892; Rock Lake, Lake d& Hull 385, 393; Pull- man, Henderson 2553; Piper, August 2, 1899; without locality, Vasey in 1889; Clealum Lake, Cotton 8.50; ConconuUy, Griffiths tfc Cotton 320. Zonal distribution : Upper Sonoran and Transition. 4. Juncus lescurii Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 2: 179. 1858-62. Type locality: Salt manshes of San Francisco Bay, California. Range: Vancouver Island to Chile, on the seashore. Specimens examined: Westport, Henderson 2.552; Heller 3945; Thurston County, Hen- derson 25.50; Cascade Mountains, Tweedy 34, 35; Oyhut, Conard 412. Zonal distribution : Humid Transition. 5. Juncus subtriflorus (Meyer) Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 208. 1893. Juncus compressus suhtrifiorus Meyer, Linnaea 3: 368. 1828. Juncus drummondii Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 235. 18.53. Type locality: "Hab. in insulis Koraginsk." Range: Alaska to California and Colorado. Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Flett 828; Mount Rainier, Allen 68; Cas- cade Mountains, Tweedy 31; same, latitude 49°, T^yall in 1859; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1139; Mount Adams, Hemlerson, Augu.st, 1892; Skamania Count}^, Suksdorf 1011; Nason Creek, Sandberg & Leiberg 675; Biidge Creek, Elmer 652; Blue Mountains, Piper 2274. Zonal DisriiiBurioN; liictio. PTPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. ISl 6. Juncus parryi Engoliii. Trans. St. Ijoiiis Acad. 2: 440. 1866. Ti'PE LOCxiLiTY: Colorado. Collected by Parry. Range: British Columbia to Colorado and California. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2733; Olympic Mountains, Fleft 111, Henderson 1025; Mount Rainier, Piper 2169; Mount Adams, Henderson, August, 1892; Ca.scade Mountains to Fort Colville, Lijnll in 1860; Skamania County, SiilcsdorflOAl; Chi- qua.sh Mountains, Sitlsdorf lOAl ; Skagit Pass, Lake d' Hull 410; Nason Creek, Sandberg tfc Leiberg 665; Horseshoe Basin, Elmer 736; Mount Carlton, Kreager 231. Zonal distribution: Arctic. 7. Juncus bufonius L. Sp. PI. 1: 328. 1753. TiTE locality: Europei/nn,, August 11, 1901; Yakima, Leckenhy, August, 1897; Loomis, Elmer 613; Colville, Kreager 519; Toppenish, Cotton 789; Prosser, Cotton 648. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran. 24. Juncus columbianus Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14: 87. 1901. Type locality: "In wet meadows near Pullman, Washington." Collected by Elmer. Range: Washington to Montana and Oregon. Specimens examined: Wilson Creek, Sandherg & Leiherg 389; western Klickitat County, Suksdorf 462; Marshall Junction, Piper 2281; Spangle, Suksdorf 463; Pullman, P(>e/' 3054, 3.537; Elmer 235; Lake Chelan, Lake & Hull 389 in part, Snipes Creek, Cotton 669* in part, 668. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. Orb. Juncus suksdorfii Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 541. 1899. Type locality: Falcon Valley, Klickitat County, Washington. Collected bv Suksdorf. Range: Eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and adjacent Idaho. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, jSi/^-scZo// 217, 680; Qp&i\g\e, Suksdorf 464; Pull- man, Piper 1947, 3026, .3042, .3053; Henderson 2547, 2548. Zonal distribution : Arid Transition. 26. Juncus badius Suksdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 19: 92. 1901. Type locality: "Im Falkcnthal im westl. Teil von Klickitat County," Washington. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 2144; Kalispel Lake, Kr-eagcr 336. Very close to J nevadensis Wats, but to be distinguished by its relatively longer capsule. 184 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The Falcon Valley specimen was the basis for the inclusion of Jiniciis cJdoivcephalus P^ngelni. in Suksdorf's list. 27. Juncus ensifoHus Wiks. Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 2: 274. 1823. J uncus xiphioides trianJrus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 482. 18G8. Juncus xiphioides macranfhus Engelm loc. cit. Type locality: Not ascertained. Range: Alaska southward in the mountains to California. Specimens examined; Montesano, Heller 3968, Seattle, Piper 1038; Skamania County, Flett 1388; Bridge Creek, Elmer 645; Lake Chelan, Lake & Hidl 360; Nason City, Sandberg cfc Leiberg 608, Blue Mountains, Piper 2275; Pullman, Piper 1938; Stehekin, Griffiths & Cotton 193; Clealum Lake, Cotton 848; Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°,Lyall; Grays Harbor, Wilkes Expedition 237. Zonal distribution: Transition to Canadian. 27a. Juncus ensifolius major Hook. Fl. Bor. .\m. 2: 191. 1840. Juncus xiphioides monlanus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 481. 1868. Juncus saximonianus A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club. 29: 401. 1902 Ty'PE locality: "Sources of the Columbia River, in the Rocky Mountains." Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Idaho. Speci.mens examined: Olympia, Henderson, October 2, 1892, Wenache, Whited 82, 207: Ellensburg, Whifed 710; Blue Mountains, Lake <& Hull 376; Silver Lake, Henderson, July 13, 1892; North Yakima, Iffl^/, August, 1895. 28. Juncus oxymeris Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 483. 1868. Type locality; "Sacramento Valley, Cal." Collected by Ilartwcg. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined; Seattle, Pvyx/-, July 4, 1897; iill)s t)bli)ng, cespitose, more or less rhizoniatous. Leaves linear 1 . ^4. sihiricum. Leaves flat or channelled. Rhizome stout; flowers erect 2. ^1. valithim. Rhizome scarcely developed; flowers nodding 3. .1. ccrnuiim. i>ullw glol)ose, loosely cespitose or solitar\^, not rhizoniatous. Bulb coats fibrous 4. .1. (jci/cri. Bulb coats not fibi'ous, usually reticulate. Flowers red. Leaves flat, rather bioad; reticulations wanting. Plants tall, 20 to 40 cm. high; uml)el globose, dense ; scape terete ."i. A. (Jourjlasii. Plants low, 5 to 10 cm. liigli; scape flattened. Leaves 2 to 3 mm. broad; scapes smooth (>. .1. toJnnri. Leaves 1 to 1.5 mm. wide; scapes crenulate. . 7. .1. crcniilatuin. Leaves narrow; reticulations evident. Reticulations polygonal, distinct; petals 10 to 14 mm. long, seriidate . . S. .1. aruiiiinafiim. Reticulations obscure, transversely-oljlong or want- ing; petals entire, G mm. long 9. ^4. nevii. Flowers white. Scape tall; umbel dense, globose; reticulations nai'row, transverse, sinuous 10. ^4. attenuifolium. Scape low; umbel flat. Reticulations none 11. ^4. niacrum. Reticulations narrow; very cernuous 12. .4. collbmm. 1. Allium sibiricum L. Mant. 562. 1707. Type locality: Siberia. Range: Alaska to New Brunswick, south to Oregon and Minnesota. Specimens examined: Wenache, Whifed 26; Lake Wenache, Samlherg tC" Leiberg 630; White Blutr Ferry, Lake d' Hull, August 9, 1892; Fort Colville, Li/all in 1861 ; Walla Walla, Tolniie. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 2. Allium vabdum S. Wats. Bot. King. Explor. 350. 1871. Type locality: Mono Pass, California. Collected by Bolander. Range: Washington to California and Nevada. Specimens examined: Mount Rainier, Flett 275. Zonal distribution: Hudsonian. 3. Allium cernuum Roth, Roem. Archiv. I 2: 40. 1798. Allium recurvatum Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1. 94. 1900. Type locality: None given. Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Texas, and in the Allegheny Mountains. Specimens examined: Clallam County, FAmer 2506; Olympic Mountains, Flett 822; East Sound, Henderson, July 3, 1892; Bellingham Bay, Suksdorf IQ05; Fairhaven, Piper 188 CONTRTBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL TTERBAETUM. 2803; Fidalgo City, FJeit 2109; Goat IMountains, Allen 81; Snoqualmie Falls, Piper 671; White Bluir Ferry, Lake cfc Hull, August 11, 1892; Fort C(jlvi]le, /.//«// in 1860; Weuache, Whited 1420; Chelan, Elmer 504; Meyers Falls, Kreager 594. Zonal distribution: Transition. Type locality: The type specimen was collected by Gej^er "on stony banks of the Kooskooskia River [Idaho]." The onioir of tlie Nez Perce Indians. S J ~ \iA ^W^ Rance: Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and British Coluiii])ia. /^'va/ \ 4. AUium geyeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 227. 1879. Specimens examined: Ellensherg, W/i,/Vfir/508; Piper, May 21, 1897; Prosser, //crw;f/-, inclusion of Alliinii cu.sickii in Suksdorf's List. 7. Allium crenulatum Wiegand, P>ull. Toir. Cnuh 23: 135. 1899. Type locality: "Loose gravel rear the summit of tlic Olympic Mountains in (he vicinity^ of the headwaters of the Qiiilcene Rivei-. " Range: Olympic Mouiitains, W'ashington. .Specimens examined: Olympic Mountains, Flrff 821 ; Mount Steele, Piper 2218; Bahly Peak, Lamb 1330. Zonal dlstribution: Arctic. 8. Allium acuminatum Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2: 184. 1838. Type locality: "Nootka Sound, plentiful." Collected by Menzie.s. Range: British Columbia to California and Utah Specimens examined: Clallam CountA^ Elmer 2499; Olympic Mountains, Fleff 86 Fidalgo Island, 7^/^// 2106; Admiralty Head, Piper, May 27, 1898; Coupeville, C^arJ/iPr 286 Naches, Lyall in 1860; Mount Stuart, Mm er, August, 1898; near Mount Adams, Fleit 1117 Peshastin, Sandberg A Leiberg 498; Klickitat River, Flett 1115; Tieton River, Cotton 442 North Yakiina, //ewf^erson, May 29, 1892; Ellensburg, Elmer 397; Skagit Pass, Laic & Hull August 24, 1892; Crab and Wilson creeks, Sandberg & Leiberg 273; Pullman, Piper 1685 without locality, Vasey 92. Zonal distribution: Transition. 8a. Allium acuminatum cuspidatum Fernald, Zoc 4: 380. 1894. Type locality: Wawawai, Washington. CtJlected bv W. R. Hull. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OE WASHliSIGTON. 189 KANtiE: EasttTii Wasliingtoii. Specimens examined: Wawawai, /////Hil!); Clarks Springs, A'rwf/cr 12. 9. AUium nevii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Atad. 14: 231. 1879. Type locality; Ilood River, Oregon. Collected by Neviiis. Range: Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Klickitat, Howell, June, 1S79; Klickitat River, Flclf, llKi; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 42; Yakima County, Henderson 24S0, 2481; Wenache Mountaiius, Elmer 458; Sprague, Sandbcrg tfc Leiherg 205; Henderson 2479; Wilson Creek, Sandhenj tO Leiberg, June, 1893; without locality, Vasey 91; Wenache Mountains, Cotton 1284. Zonal di.stribution; Arid Transition. 10. Allium attenuifolium Kellogg, Proc Cal. Acad. 2: 110. 1858-02. Type locality: j\lt. Sliasta, California. Range: Washington to California. Specimens examined: Klickitat County, iSul-sdoifi'){). 11. Amum macrum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 233. 1879. Type loc.vlity: "Union County, Oregon, on rocky hills." Collected by Cusiclc. Range: Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. Specimens examined: Blue Mountains, Piper 2325. Zonal distribution: Iludsonian. 12. Allium collinum Dough; S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 22S. 1S79. Aliaunfibrilhiin Jones, Contr. Western Bot. 10: 24. 1902. Type locality: "Abundant on the Blue Mountains." Collected by Douglas. Specimens examined: Blue Mountains, Horner 190, 193. 470. Allium scilloides Dough", collectetl by Douglas, at " Priest's Rapids, Columlna River,' has not been recognizable from Watson's very brief di'scription. HOOKERA. Anther-bearing stamens 3. Flowers in umbels, long-pedicelled 1 . //. roronuriu. Flowers nearly sessile in a very short raceme 2. //. pulehella. Anther-bearing stamens 6. Stamens in one row; flov/ers whitish .3. //. Injarlntlilnii. Stamens in two rows; flowers blue or purplish. Filament of inner stamens narrow 4. //. Jonglasii. Filament of inner stamens broad. Corolla lobes much shorter than the tuiic 5. //. bieolor. Corolla lobes al)Out as lt)ng as the tube G. //. howellii. 1. Hookera coronaria Salisb. Par. Lond. ])l. 08. 1806. Brodiaea grandiflora Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 2. 1811. Type locality: "In California." Range: British Columbia to California west of the Cascades and Sierras. Specimens examined: Fidalgo Island, Blett 2104; Whidl)y Island, Gardner 284; near Satsop, Heller 4031; Lake Park, Piper 2093; Tacoma, Fhtt 906; Gate City, Henderson, June, 1892; Fort Vancouver, Tolmie; Stuart Island, Lainrence 27. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 2. Hookera pulehella Salisb. Par. Lond. under pi. OS. 1806. Brodiaea congesta Smith, Trans...Linn. Soc. 10; 3. pi. 1. 1811. Dichelostemma congestum. Kunth, Enum. PI. 4: 470. 1843. Type locality: "In California." a Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 229. 1879. 190 CONTKIBUTIOISIS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBAEIUM. Range: Washington to Califcrnia wrst of tlic Cascades and Sierras. Specimens examined: Whidby Island, Gardner 283; Fourth Plain, Pvptv, July 1-4, l.SiQ; Alki Point, Pifer in 1888; Cape Horn, Piyjer 4982. Zonal distribution: Humid Transttion. 3. Hookera hyacinthina (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 712. 1891. Ilenperochonlon hyaciidhinum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 15: under t. 1293. 1829. Hesperochordinn lacteum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1639. 1833. Ilesperochordon levnsii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 185. t. 198. 1839. Brodiaea ladea Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 238. 1879. Type locality: "Native of the plains of the Missouri and of the north-west of Anicric a, in which last country it was found by Mr. Douglas." Range: British Columbia to California and Idaho. Specimens examined: Humptulips, Lamh 1282; Muckleshoot, Dr. Buhn; Whidl)y Island, Gardner 282; Fidalgo City, Flett 2107; Admiralty Head, Piper, May, 1898; Tieton River, Cotton 450; Mount Stuart, Elmer 1208; Peshastin, Sandberg & Leiherg, July, 1893; Pullman, Piper 1679, July, 1893; Lalce 617; without locality, Vasey in 1889. Zonal distribution: Transition. 4. Hookera douglasii (S. Wats.). Brodiaea grandifora Smith, err. det. Pursh, Fl. 1 : 223. 1814. ■ Triteleia grandifora Lindl. Bot. Reg. 15 under t. 1203. 1829. Brodiaea douglasii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 237. 1879. Type locality: "Northwest America." Collected by Douglas. Range: British Columbia to Utah and Wyoming, probably only to the eastward of the Cascade Mountains. Specimens examined: Tampico, Flett 1121; Klickitat River, Flett 1409; Spokane, Sandberg & Leiherg 71; Spokane County, SvJcsdoif 455; Hangman Creek, Sandberg & Lei- herg 71; Pullman, Piper, July, 1893; Wawawai, Piper 1671; without locality, Vaserj 87. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 5. Hookera bicolor (Suksdorf.) Brodiaea hhvlor Suksdorf, West. Am. Sci. 14: 2. 1902. , Type locality: "In Falkcnthal (Falcon Valley), Klickitat County, Washington." Col- lected by Suksdorf. Range: Eastern Washington. Specimens examined: Wenache, Whited 1049; North Yakima, Henderson 2400; with- out locality, l^asey in 1889. 6. Hookera howellii (S. Wats.). Brodiaea hovrlUi S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 301. 1879. Type locality: "Klickitat County," Washington. Collected I )y Joseph Howell. Range: Washington. Specimens examined: Whidby Island, Gardvier 285; Tacoma, FZeii, June, 1896, Klicki- tat County, Tlowell, June, 1879; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 506, 62; Ellensburg, Piper, May, 1896. Zonal distribution: Transition. QUAMASIA. Camas. Perianth irregular, the segments 3 or sometimes 5-nerved; buds gibbous on one side - - - ^. Q- g'^cn (if ■. . Perianth regular, the segments 5 to 9-nerved. Segments usually 7-nerved; capsules conspicuously nerved; flowers blue or white 2. (^. lrl( I i^i; i Segments usually 5-nerved; capsules not conspicuously nerved; f.ow- ers blue 'i- Q- •^"/.«-'^., «• PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 191 1. Quamasia quamash (l^uisli) Coville, Proc. Biol. 8oc. Wash. 11: (J4. 1897. Camas. Fhalangium quamash Pursh, Fl. 1: 226. 1814. Oamassia esculenta Lindl. Bot. Reg. 18. t. I48G. 1832. Type locality: On the Quamash Flats, that is Weippe, Idaho. Collected by Lewis. Kange: British Columbia to Montana, Utah, and California. Specimens examined: Falcon Valley, S uhsdorf 50S, 03; Muckleshoot, Dr. Ruhn: Fort Vancouver, C^'ayr?/ in 1826; Ellensburg, FAttoZ, May 17, 1901; Klickitat River, Fleit 1119; without locality, Vasey 101; Spokane, Sandherg cfc Leiberg 57; Pullman, Hull 622; Piper 1677, June, 1894; Ehner 821; Union Flat, Piper, May, 1897; Blue Mountains, Piper, July, 1896. Zonal distribution: Transition. 2. Quamasia leichtlinii (Baker) Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 11: 63. 1897. Canidssia csculenid /eichtlirtii Baker, Bot. Mag. t. G2S7. 1877. Camassia leichtlinii Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 376. 1885. Chlorogalum leichtlinii Baker, Gard. Chron. n. ser. 1: 689. 1874. Type locality: British Columbia. Collected l)y Jell'rey. Range: British Columbia to Washington west of the Cascade Mountains. Specimens e.xamined: Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall in 1859; Admirally Head, Piper, April, 1898. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. 3. Quamasia suksdorfii (Greenni.) Piper. Camassia suksdorfii Greenm. Bot. Gaz. 34: 307. 1902. Type locality: Falcon Valle\^ Specimens examined: Fak'on Valley, Sul-sdoif'2F)l, 509; near Bingen, Sulsdarf 2(563. LILIUM. Lii.v. 1. Lilium. parviflorum (Hook.) Holzinger, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 253. 1895. Liliiiin cnnadense parviforum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 181. 1838. Lilium columhianum Hanson; Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 243. 1875. Lilium hakerii Purdy, Erythea 5: 104. 1897. Type locality: "N. W. Coast, Columbia and Walainet Rivers." Collected l>y Douglas and by Tolmie. Range: British Columi)ia to North California, not east of the Cascade Mountains. Specimens examined: Cascade Mountains, Lyall in 1860; Harford ci" Dunn, May 27, 1869; Clallam County, Elmer 2502; Olympic Mountains, Sargent, August 15, 1896; Monte- sano. Heller 3972; Silverton, Bouck 187; Chehalis County, Lamb 1179; Pringle, June 27, 1877; Chehalis River, Lamb 1237; Twisp River, Whited 176; Mount Rainier, Piper, August, 1895; Seattle, Piper, July, 1895; Tacoma, Flett 124; Pcshastin, Sandberg dfe Leiberg 533; Skagit Pass, LaJce c& Hull, August, 1892; Stevens Pa.ss, Sandberg d' Leiberg 740; Wenache Mountains, Whited 1178; Falcon Valley, Suksdoif 511; Roslyn, Whited 462; Stehekin, Gri^ffiths cfc Cotton 226. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. Cooper referred this lily to the eastern L. canadense L. FRITILLARIA. Flowers yellow ; styles connate to the summit ^ . 1 . F. pudica. Flowers brownish purple; styles distinct to the middle. Capsules acutely angled; flowers much mottled 2. F. lanccolata. Capsules obtusely angled; flowers obscurely mottled 3. F. camtschatcensis. 1. Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. Syst. 2: 64. 1825. Lilium ? pudicum Pursh, Fl. 1 : 228. t. 8. 1814. 192 CONTiillJU'noNS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Type i.ocalitv: "Oh tlii' liciulwatcrs ol' tlio Missouri," arcoi'ding to Piirsli, Imt this is probably an crioi-, as the Lewis specinicii in the I'liihulelpliia Academy is from the Koos- kooskee [C'leai'vvatcr] River, Idalio. KANtiE: British C'()lunil)ia to California and Utali. Specimens examined: Klickitat River, Flett 1114; White Salmon, Snksdorf SIS; Wenache, Wliited 2, 1009; Clealiim, Henderson in 1892; Fort Colville, Lijcll in 1S61; Spok&ne, Sandbeiy <& Leibery 74; Pullman, Piper, July, 1893, 1G73; Moore, May, 1893. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 2. Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh, Fl. 1:230. 1814. Type locality': "On the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia." Collected by Lewis. The Columbia specimen in the Philadeli)hia Academy is from Brant Island at the foot of the Cascades. The Missouri River locality is prol)ably erroneous, as it is out of the known lange of the plant. Range: British Columbia to California eastward to western Idaho. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2507; Orchard Point, Piper, July, 1895; Orcas Island, Henderson, July, 1892; Admiralty Head, Piper, April, 1898; Tacoma, Flett 71; Roslyn, IF/itteZ 359; ? osYi&sim, Sandhercj & Leiherg bZA; White Salmon, -S'uA-«/o// 312; Major Creek, Sulcsdorf, June 4, 1886; Semiamoo Bay, Lycdl in 1858; Goat Mountains, xillen 235; Twisp River, WInted, July 10, 189G; without locality, Vasey 88, 90. Zonal distribution: Transition. 3. Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker-(iawl. Bot. Mag. 30: under /. IJKJ. 1809. Liliuin canttschatcense L. Sp. PI. 1: 303. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Canada, Cam.schatca." Range: Alaska to Washington. Kamchatka. Specimens examined: Whidby Island, Gardner 281; Silverton, Boiick 1, 188. Zonal distribution: Canadian? ERYTHRONITJM. Adder's tongue. Leaves mottled ; flowers cream-color : 1 . E. (jiganteum. Leaves not mottled. Flowers white; lilameiits filiform 2. E. inotdanrnrt. Flowers yellow. Anthers purple 3. E. grandifJorum. Anthers white 4. E. parvi forum. 1. Erythronium giganteum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: under t. ]7S<]. 1835. Enjthrounim grandi /loniin alhlfloruni Hook P^l. Bor. Am. 2: 182. 1839. Type locality: "North West America." Range: British Columbia to Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains. Specimens examined: Whidliy Island, Gardner 289; Admiralty Head, Piper, April, 1898: ChimacLim, Binn.s, June 30, 1889; Seattle, Piper, April, 1889; Sniitli, April, 1889; ( larke County, Sulcsdorf 2327; without locality, Henderson, May, 1892. Zonal distribution: Humid Transition. Our plant is clearly the E. giganteum figured in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (pi. 0714) which Hooker suspects is the E. giganteum Lindl. We incline to the belief that the E. revolutum Smith, a collected by Menzies on "King George's Sound" is the plant here called E. giganteum. But Mr. Carl Purdy retains that name for a closely allied species ranging from the Columbia River to Mendocino County, California, which may also range up the Washington coast to the vicinity of "King (ieorge's Sound," i. e., the Gulf of Georgia. aRees' Cyclopedia 13: no. 3. 1809. PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 193 2. Erythroniuni montanum S. Wat.:;. Pioc Am. Acud. 26: l.!(). 1,S'.)1. Type locality: "Mt. Hood, Ml. Adams, otc" Range: Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; Olympic Mountains. Specimens examined: Clallam County, Elmer 2490; Olympic Mountains, Piper, 2220; Henderson 2038; Mount Rainier, Piper 2118; Paradi.so Valley, Flelt 2.5(}; Goat Mountains, Allen 83; Skamania County, Suksdorf, August 11, 1886; Mount Adams, Siil-sdorf 45(). Zonal di.stkibution: IIudsoniaiL 3. Erythroniuni grandiflorum Pursii, Fl. 1:231. 1N14. Ih-ythronium (jrandi forum minus Hook. Fl. Bor. Auk 2: 182. 1839. Type locality: "On the Kooskooskee, " Idaho. Collected by Lewis. The exact spot is opposite the present town of Kamiah. Range: British Columbia to Oregon and Idaho. Specimens examined: Fort Colville, LyaZZ in 18()1; Pullman, /'/'/*(/• 1(>7(), June, 1893. Zonal distribution: Arid Transition. 4. Erythroniuni parviflorum (S. Wats.) Goodding, Bot. Gaz. 33: (ST. 1902. Erythroniuni (jmndi floruni piirvljlorurn S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 129. 1891. Type locality: " In the mountains from Colorado and northern Utah to Britisli America, in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and in the Cascades of Washington and British Columbia." Range: British Columbia to Montana and Colorado. Specimens e.xamined: Clallam County, Elmer 2491; Olympic Mountains, Henderson 2039?; Silverton, Bouck 189; Moimt Rainier, Piper, 2100; Flett 2()(); (ioat Mountains, Alle